INSERT INTO `jos_k2_items` (`id`, `title`, `alias`, `catid`, `published`, `introtext`, `fulltext`, `video`, `gallery`, `extra_fields`, `extra_fields_search`, `created`, `created_by`, `created_by_alias`, `checked_out`, `checked_out_time`, `modified`, `modified_by`, `publish_up`, `publish_down`, `trash`, `access`, `ordering`, `featured`, `featured_ordering`, `image_caption`, `image_credits`, `video_caption`, `video_credits`, `hits`, `params`, `metadesc`, `metadata`, `metakey`, `plugins`) VALUES
(943, '25 octobre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '25-octobre-2010-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" /><img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" /><a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/1700_Const_stambol.jpg" target="_self"><span style="margin: 5px; float: left; width: 300px; height: 232px;"><img alt="1700_Const_stambol_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/1700_Const_stambol_s.jpg" height="210" width="300" /><span style="margin-left: 280px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em>25 octobre</em></span></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em> 2010 / Cartothèque  de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :<br /> <br /> </em></span></span></strong></span> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Représentation  de 1700 du centre de Constantinople </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;">vue du Sud. On distingue l''emplacement les colonnes impériales dans la ville intra-muros et les accès à la ville jusqu''aux remparts. Source inconnue.<br /></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-10-25 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-01-19 10:49:27', 65, '2010-10-25 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 14, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 12, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '1700 du centre d''Istanbul', 'robots=\nauthor=Pascal Lebouteiller', 'istanbul, turquie, 1700, IFEA, atelier de cartographie', ''),
(983, '8 novembre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '8-novembre-2010-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" /><img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" /><a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/1883_asithane_i_aliye_ve_atrafi_kabartma_b.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 5px; float: left; width: 300px; height: 232px;"><img alt="1883_asithane_i_aliye_ve_atrafi_kabartma_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/1883_asithane_i_aliye_ve_atrafi_kabartma_s.jpg" height="202" width="300" /><span style="margin-left: 280px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em>8 Novembre</em></span></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em> 2010 / Cartothèque  de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :<br /> </em></span></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><br /> </span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>1883</strong> asithane i aliye ve atrafi kabartma, Istanbul</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-11-08 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-16 13:13:52', 600, '2010-11-08 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 12, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 10, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '1883', 'robots=\nauthor=Pascal Lebouteiller', 'IFEA, atelier de cartographie, istanbul', ''),
(998, '15 novembre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '15-novembre-2010-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<p><img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" /><img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" /><a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/1708-20-CHATELAIN const_b.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 5px; float: left; width: 300px; height: 232px;"><img alt="1708-20-CHATELAIN_const_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/1708-20-CHATELAIN_const_s.jpg" height="259" width="300" /><span style="margin-left: 280px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em>15 Novembre</em></span></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em> 2010 / Cartothèque  de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :<br /> </em></span></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><br /> </span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></span><em><br /></em><span style="color: #999999;"><em>"Bosphore de Thrace, vue de Constantinople du coté du Bosphore"</em><br />Gravure/carte de <span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>H.A. Chatelain</strong></span> de 1708 -20.<br />Belle représentation de la ville historique et de Galata vue de la rive asiatique; on y distingue les villages d''Uskudar et de Kadikoy, ainsi que le palais de Scutari.<br />La densitée de mosquées sur la péninsule est remarquable, les murailles sont bien marquées, ainsi que celles de Galata.</span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-11-15 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-01-19 10:44:50', 65, '2010-11-15 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 12, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '1883', 'robots=\nauthor=Pascal Lebouteiller', 'IFEA, atelier de cartographie, istanbul', ''),
(1012, '29 novembre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '29-novembre-2010-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" /><img src="file:///C:/Users/Musa/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" /><a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/1735_Myller_Plan von Const_b.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 5px; float: left; width: 300px; height: 232px;"><img alt="1735_Myller_Plan_von_Const_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/1735_Myller_Plan_von_Const_s.jpg" height="180" width="300" /><span style="margin-left: 280px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em>29 Novembre</em></span></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #000000;"><em> 2010 / Cartothèque  de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :<br /> </em></span></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>1735</strong>, "Plan von Constantinopel", <span style="color: #ff6600;">Myller</span><br /> 11.1 x 19.1cm<br />Publication: Peregrinus in Jerusalem, Myller, A. M., Vienna &amp; Nurnberg. Engraver: J Hiller.<br />A chart of the Bosphorus Straits stretching from the sea of Marmara to the Black sea. The engraving shows numerousvillages on both sides of the Straits and includes a ten point key to Constantinople.<br />Publication: A M Myller recounting his travels from 1725 to 1727. Myller journeyed from Rome to Jerusalem then on to Troy, Gallipoli and Constantinople.</span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;"></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-11-29 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-01-19 10:47:55', 65, '2010-11-29 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 8, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '1735, Istanbul', 'robots=\nauthor=Pascal Lebouteiller', 'IFEA, atelier de cartographie, istanbul, Bosphore', ''),
(1034, '6 decembre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '6-decembre-2010-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/XXXII-hellert siege const_b.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="margin: 5px; float: left; width: 300px; height: 232px;"><img alt="XXXII-hellert siege const_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/XXXII-hellert siege const_s.jpg" height="242" width="300" /><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="margin-left: 280px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></span></strong></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><strong>6 Decembre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></em><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>1845</strong></span><span style="color: #888888;">, "plan du siège de Constantinople par Mohammed II", tiré de l''Atlas de l''Empire Ottoman, <span style="color: #ff9900;">J de Hammer</span>, traduit par <span style="color: #ff9900;">JJ Hellert</span>. (IFEA)<br />Ce plan très précis comporte des légendes sur les batiments principaux et les campements militaires et le placement des divisions, les portes des remparts, le nombres de combatants Ottomans et Grecs, et l''emplacement et le nombre de la flotte Ottomane.</span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"></span></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-12-06 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-01-19 13:50:12', 65, '2010-12-06 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 9, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 6, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'Atlas de l''Empire Ottoman', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'Constantinople, Ottoman, turquie', ''),
(1035, '13 decembre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '13-decembre-2010-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/const_marine_b.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px solid #ffffff; margin: 5px; float: left; width: 180px; height: 300px;"><img src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/const_marine_s.jpg" alt="const_marine_s" title="istinye_nedjibbey_s.jpg" height="260" width="180" /><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="margin-left: 160px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #888888;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>13 Decembre 2010 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><strong>1750</strong>?, "carte générale du canal de la Mer Noire et de la Pofition de Constantinople"(comprendre position de Constantinople). Magnifique grande carte manuscrite provenant des archives de la bibliothèque de la Marine Française datant probablement du 18iem siècle. On y distingue la vielle ville intra muros et tous les village sle long du Bosphore, ainsi que la topographie terrestre et les routes principales. A usage marin on note la présence des profondeur des eaux, du sens du courant de surface, des points d''ancrage, des chateaux et ports.</span></span></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-12-13 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-01-19 13:50:55', 65, '2010-12-13 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 6, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'Mer Noire', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'constantinople, mer noire, istanbul', ''),
(1036, '3 Janvier 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '3-janvier-2011-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/taride_dardanelles marmara bosphore_PL_b.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px solid #ffffff; margin: 5px; float: left; width: 180px; height: 300px;"><img src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/taride_dardanelles marmara bosphore_PL_s.jpg" alt="taride_dardanelles marmara bosphore_PL_s" title="istinye_nedjibbey_s.jpg" height="262" width="177" /><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="margin-left: 160px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #888888;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>3 Janvier 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><strong>1925</strong>?, carte générale du Bospore, de la collection Taride. Principaux villages le long du détroit (orthographe en transcription phonétique). Echelle au 1/200000.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"></span></span></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-01-03 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-01-19 14:06:19', 65, '2011-01-03 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 7, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'Bospore', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'istanbul, constantinople', ''),
(1037, '10 Janvier 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '10-janvier-2011-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<a href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/Gilchrist Walker_pervititch_constantinople_B.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px solid #ffffff; margin: 5px; float: left; width: 180px; height: 300px;"><img src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/Gilchrist Walker_pervititch_constantinople_S.jpg" alt="Gilchrist Walker_pervititch_constantinople_S" title="istinye_nedjibbey_s.jpg" height="226" width="182" /><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="margin-left: 160px; margin-top: -20px;"></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #888888;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>10 Janvier 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><strong>1925</strong>?, "limits of Ports", carte de situation des ports de Constantinople, dessinée par J. Pervititch pour la Société Gilchrist Walker &amp; C L shiping agents. Carte rare de localisation des ports , entrepots, et voies de communications d''Istanbul au début du 20iem Siècle.<br /></span></span></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-01-10 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-01-19 15:22:11', 65, '2011-01-10 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 6, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'ports de Constantinople', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'istanbul, turquie', ''),
(1102, '24 Janvier 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '24-janvier-2011-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/1930_ist_liman_kopru_projet_B_.jpg"><img style="float: left;" alt="1930_ist_liman_kopru_projet_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/1930_ist_liman_kopru_projet_s.jpg" width="300" height="252" /></a>24 Janvier 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Carte de <strong>1930 </strong>: projets de ponts et de ports de la ville d''Istanbul. Dans la légende en rouge les ports existants, en encadré les projets de premiere priorité, et en pointillé les zones portuaire possible d''amenager. Cette carte proviens du rapport de Ahmet Hamdi dans le livre "Istanbul Limani"<br /></span></span></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-01-24 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-03-21 12:48:49', 65, '2011-01-24 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'ports de Constantinople', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'istanbul, turquie', ''),
(1112, '7 Février 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '7-février-2011-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/1520_Gian_Andreas_di_Vavassore_b.jpg"><img style="float: left;" alt="1520_Gian_Andreas_di_Vavassore_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/1520_Gian_Andreas_di_Vavassore_s.jpg" width="300" height="201" /></a>7 Février 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em></span></span></span><br />\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Carte de </span></span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Constantinople de 1520 du C</span></span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"></span></em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">artographe Gian Andreas di Vavassore, "Byzantium sive Constantineopolis".</span></span></span><br /><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span></div>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-02-07 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-03-21 12:41:43', 65, '2011-02-07 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'Constantinople 1520', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'istanbul, turquie', ''),
(1113, '21 Février 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '21-février-2011-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"></span></em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"></span></span></span><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/big/1420_Buondelmonti_const_b.jpg"><img style="float: left;" alt="1420_Buondelmonti_const_s" src="images/stories/carto/cartesemaine/1420_Buondelmonti_const_s.jpg" width="209" height="300" /></a>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>21 Février 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Carte </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;">de  Buondelmonti, Constantinopolis, 1420, Bibliothèque de l''université de  Dusseldorf - monuments principaux de cette époque et fortifications du  Bosphore.</span></span></span></div>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-02-21 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-03-21 12:42:50', 65, '2011-02-21 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'Constantinople 1420', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'istanbul, turquie, Bosphore', ''),
(1115, '7 Mars 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '7-mars-2011-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<em><strong>7 Mars <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #000000;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"></span></span></span></strong></em><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em></span></span></span><br />\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"></span></span></span></div>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-02-21 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-03-21 14:41:45', 65, '2011-02-21 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 0, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'Constantinople 1420', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'istanbul, turquie, Bosphore', ''),
(1116, '14 Mars 2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA', '14-mars-2011-/-cartothèque-de-lifea', 50, 1, '<em><strong>14 Mars <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #000000;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"></span></span></span></strong></em><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>2011 / Cartothèque de l''IFEA - la carte de la semaine :</strong></span></em></span></span></span><br />\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"></span></span></span></div>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-02-21 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-03-21 14:44:46', 65, '2011-02-21 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 0, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'Constantinople 1420', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'istanbul, turquie, Bosphore', ''),
(1179, 'Cartes sur la Turquie', 'cartes-sur-la-turquie', 51, 1, '<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #888888;">La Turquie : fond de carte</span></strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/TR_basemap_b.jpg"><img alt="TR_basemap_sm" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/TR_basemap_sm.jpg" width="283" height="181" /></a></p>\r\n<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><br /></strong></span></span></span>\r\n<p><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Départements<br />Régions 2 ( duzey 2)<br />Régions 1 ( duzey 1)</strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/depart-region2004_b.gif"><img alt="depart-region2004_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/depart-region2004_s.jpg" width="300" height="322" /></a></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><br />La Turquie : carte géologique</strong></span></span></span><br /><br /><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/jeological_map_of_turkey_b.jpg"><img alt="jeological_map_of_turkey_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/jeological_map_of_turkey_s.jpg" width="300" height="130" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><br /><strong>Carte tektonique de Turquie :</strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/tektonikTR_b.jpg"><img alt="tektonikTR_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/tektonikTR_s.jpg" width="300" height="174" /></a></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-05-20 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-05-20 14:13:32', 65, '2011-05-20 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 0, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'cartes turquie', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'carte, turkey, turquie, turkiye, harita, il, duzey', ''),
(1180, 'Cartes sur l''empire Ottoman', 'cartes-sur-lempire-ottoman', 51, 1, '.', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-05-03 13:52:33', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2011-05-03 13:52:33', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'cartographie empire Ottoman', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'Ottoman, ottoman, carte, map', '');
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(1178, 'Cartes sur Istanbul', 'cartes-sur-istanbul', 51, 1, '<p><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>Quelques cartes utiles sur Istanbul :</strong></span></em></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #888888;">Le Département ( il ) et le découpage des arrondissements (Ilçe) d''Istanbul en 1998 :</span></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #888888;"><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_ilce1998_b.jpg"><img alt="istanbul_ilce1998_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_ilce1998_s.jpg" width="300" height="212" /></a><br /></span></strong></p>\r\n<strong><span style="color: #888888;">Le Département ( il ) et le nouveau découpage des arrondissements (Ilçe) d''Istanbul en 2009 :</span></strong>\r\n<p><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_ilce2009_b.jpg"><img alt="istanbul_ilce2009_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_ilce2009_s.jpg" width="300" height="165" /></a></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #888888;">Le Département ( il ) et le nouveau découpage des communes (Mahalle) d''Istanbul en 2009 :</span></strong></p>\r\n<p><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_mahalle2009_b.jpg"><img alt="istanbul_mahalle2009_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_mahalle2009_s.jpg" width="300" height="165" /></a></p>\r\n<p><br /><strong><span style="color: #888888;">Le Département ( il ) et la densité de population par communes (Mahalle) à Istanbul en 2009 :</span></strong></p>\r\n<p><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_mahalle-densitepop2009_b.jpg"><img alt="istanbul_mahalle-densitepop2009_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/istanbul_mahalle-densitepop2009_s.jpg" width="300" height="165" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Carte de Constantinople Byzantine :</strong></span></span></span><br /><br /><a target="_blank" href="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/Byzantine_Constantinople.png"><img alt="Byzantine_Constantinople_s" src="images/stories/carto/fond_de_carte/Byzantine_Constantinople_s.jpg" width="300" height="223" /></a></p>\r\n<p><em><span style="color: #808080;">P. Lebouteiller - Atelier de Cartographie de l''IFEA - Mai 2011</span></em></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2011-05-20 00:00:00', 65, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-05-20 14:50:26', 65, '2011-05-20 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', 'cartographie Istanbul', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'cartographie, cartography, Istanbul, Turquie, Turkey, plan, map, carte', ''),
(47, 'Seminaire : Les femmes dans l''empire ottoman', 'seminaire--les-femmes-dans-lempire-ottoman', 53, 1, '<span style="font-size: x-small; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Animé par <span style="font-size: small;"><a target="_self" href="http://localhost/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1517&amp;Itemid=1049"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>Juliette DUMAS</strong></span></span></a></span></span>\r\n<div align="center">\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<blockquote></blockquote>\r\n</blockquote>\r\n</div>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: x-small; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></p>\r\n<span style="font-size: x-small; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #000000;"> </span>Pour voir le programme annuel, </span><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span><a target="_blank" href="http://localhost/website_2/images/stories/histoire/seminaires/affiche%20annuelle%20seminaire.pdf" title="cliquer ici">cliquer ici</a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">. </span>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: x-small; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">Prochaine séance</span> :<span style="color: #ff0000;"> <span style="color: #ff6600;">lundi <strong>1er mars</strong>2010, à <strong>18h</strong> à l''<strong>IFEA</strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: x-small; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">Mlle </span><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Juliette DUMAS</span></strong><span style="color: #808080;">, doctorante à l''EHESS et boursière de l''IFEA, parlera des mariages des princesses ottomanes, du 15e au 18e siècle :</span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">" Les mariages des princesses ottomanes : politique, statuts et personnalités (15e - 18e s.)"<br /></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>La conférence se fera en anglais</strong>. Les questions pourront être posées en français. </span></span></p>\r\n<span style="color: #888888;">Affiche de présentation (FR; EN; TÜ):   . Séances passées:   Mercredi 10 février: Mme Nicole van Os (Leiden University)"Doing research on the Ottoman women and the International Women''sMovement or, how to turn into an armchair scholar) Séance exceptionnelle, réalisée en partenariat avec l''Institut hollandais.Accéder à la vidéo : VIDEO            Affiche de présentation:  Lundi 1er février: Mr Olivier Bouquet (Université de Nive-Sophia-Antipolis)"Les damad impériaux: comment en écrire l''histoire?"Accéder à la vidéo : VIDEO            Affiche de présentation :     Lundi 4 janvier 2010: Mr Edhem Eldem (Université du Bosphore)."Harem, polygamy and modernity: the Ottoman dynasty and its women in the 19th century"  Accéder à la vidéo : VIDEO            Affiche de présentation:  .   Lundi 7 décembre 2009 : Mme Leslie Peirce (Université de New York - RCAC).  "I am my own agent!" Women and the rocky road to marriage in early modern Anatolia  Accéder à la vidéo: VIDEO             Compte-rendu en français:          Affiche de présentation: .     Lundi 2 novembre 2009 : Mlle Dumas Juliette (EHESS - IFEA).    "Quelques problématiques concernant l''histoire des femmes dans l''Empire ottoman             Accéder à la vidéo: VIDEO             Compte-rendu en français :         Affiche de présentation : . </span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-03-06 15:31:57', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-20 10:18:19', 600, '2010-03-06 15:31:57', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'histoire ottoman, femmes, genre, politique, mariage, Juliette Dumas, IFEA, séminaires', ''),
(48, 'Séminaire "Philosophie et psychanalyse en Turquie"', 'séminaire-philosophie-et-psychanalyse-en-turquie', 53, 1, '<span style="color: #888888;">Séminaire Philosophie et psychanalyse en Turquie  Organisé par Dilek Sarmış  Le séminaire « Philosophie et psychanalyse dans la Turquie moderne » a pour objectif d’étudier l’apparition et la constitution comme disciplines, dans l’histoire turque, de la philosophie et de la psychanalyse, ainsi que leur pratique actuelle, universitaire et associative.     "Türkiye’de Felsefe ve Psikanaliz" seminer dizisi, Türk tarihinde Felsefe ve Psikanalizin kurumsallaşmasını ve disiplin seviyesine gelmesini ve aynı zamanda da, onların günümüzde üniversitelerde ve çeşitli kurumlarda süregelen uygulamalarını incelemeyi hedefliyor.     - Mardi 24 novembre 2009, 18h-20h, à l''IFEA Dilek Sarmis (doctorante IFEA-EHESS) Séance d''introduction :"Le développement de la philosophie et de la psychanalyse en Turquie : perspectives historiques, questionnements actuels"         - Mardi 15 décembre 2009, 18h-20h, à l''IFEA Enes KABAKCI (Dr., ISAM, Istanbul) :"L''introduction du positivisme dans l''empire ottoman" "Osmanlı’ya Pozitivizmin girişi "  - Mardi 12 janvier 2010, 18h-20h, à l''IFEA Nâmi BAŞER (Doç. Dr, Galatasaray Üniversitesi, Istanbul) : "Les motifs psychanalytiques dans l’œuvre de Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu""Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu’nun eserinde psikanalize dâir motifler"Conférence en turc avec des résumés en français.</span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-03-06 15:35:45', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-20 10:19:11', 600, '2010-03-06 15:35:45', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 3, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'IFEA, histoire, Dilek Sarmis, Dilek Sarmış, Turquie', ''),
(32, 'HISTOIRE - Présentation', 'histoire-présentation', 54, 1, '<p><span style="color: #888888;">La richesse de l’histoire turque, de la période byzantine à la République en passant par l’empire Ottoman justifie l’importance accordée aux études historiques au sein de l’IFEA. </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Situé au troisième étage du bâtiment de l’IFEA, le groupe histoire constitue un lieu d’accueil et de recherches et un pôle de diffusion des savoirs. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Centre de documentation</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">La <span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=28&amp;Itemid=9&amp;lang=tr">bibliothèque de l''IFEA </a></span>met de nombreux ouvrages à disposition des visiteurs dans des salles spécialisées par thème et par époque : histoire byzantine, études turques et ottomanes, Caucase et Asie Centrale…</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Parmi les fonds disponibles, le <span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=234&amp;Itemid=86&amp;lang=tr&amp;d4dad6935f632ac35975e3001dc7bbe8=78df6a697251d113be53fbae79fd7d17">fonds Yérasimos</a> </span>constitué de près de 600 ouvrages et périodiques spécialisés sur la décennie 1912-1922 dans l’Empire ottoman fut rassemblé par Stéphane Yérasimos en vue d’étudier cette période à une échelle régionale, en incluant les Balkans et le Caucase. Un des intérêts majeurs de ce fonds réside dans le fait qu’il  permet aux enseignants, chercheurs et étudiants de consulter une grande quantité de textes de voyageurs écrits en langue turque et grecque portant sur la guerre de 1919-1922. </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Certains des ouvrages conservés remontent au 18e siècle. <br /></span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Accueil et recherches</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Le groupe Histoire de l’IFEA constitue un pôle d’accueil des chercheurs et des étudiants à Istanbul. L’IFEA est un lieu de recherche en histoire pour des doctorants, des post-doctorants, des chercheurs boursiers pour de longues ou de plus courtes durées. De plus, des stagiaires Turcs, Français, ou d’autres nationalités sont accueillis tout au long de l’année au sein du groupe Histoire de l’IFEA.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Diffusion des savoirs</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">L’IFEA a pour vocation d’être un pôle de diffusion des savoirs historiques à Istanbul.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Pour l''année 2010-2011, l''équipe Histoire de l''IFEA prévoit un séminaire transversal, en collaboration notamment avec les autres sections de l''IFEA, sur le thème de la violence. <br /></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Par ailleurs, <a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=81&amp;Itemid=89&amp;lang=fr">trois autres séminaires,</a> ouverts à tous, seront organisés au cours de l''année 2010-2011. Ils porteront sur l’histoire byzantine, l’histoire maritime en Méditerranée à l’époque moderne et l’histoire urbanistique. </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">D’autres rendez-vous seront organisés sous la forme d’ateliers réservés aux étudiants et chercheurs spécialistes.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Publications <br /></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Le groupe Histoire de l’IFEA est aussi actif concernant la publication de livres ou d’articles. </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Sur ce dernier point, la <a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=80&amp;Itemid=88&amp;lang=fr">collaboration avec la revue turque </a><em><a href="index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=80&amp;Itemid=88&amp;lang=fr">Toplumsal Tarih</a> </em>donne lieu à de fréquentes publication d''articles de chercheurs de l''IFEA dans ce mensuel spécialisé dans les études historiques.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><br /></span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-03-06 14:22:43', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-20 10:43:06', 600, '2010-03-06 14:22:43', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 4833, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=IFEA', 'IFEA, histoire, thématiques de recherche, recherche, chercheurs, publications', ''),
(231, 'HISTOIRE - l''Équipe', 'histoire-léquipe', 54, 1, '<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Responsables</strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=869%3Atamdoan-ik-&amp;catid=56%3Aifea-permanents&amp;Itemid=36&amp;lang=fr"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>Işık TAMDOGAN</strong></span></a><span style="color: #808080;"> est responsable de la section Histoire depuis<span style="color: #808080;"> septembre 2010.</span></span></span></span></div>\r\n<div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="color: #808080;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>\r\n<div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">Thématiques de recherche :</span></span></span></div>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">l''appartenance locale et ses droits dans les villes ottomanes du XVIIIème siècle </span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">la violence et résolution des conflits à travers le compromis (<em>sulh</em>) </span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">l’analyse de la société ottomane à travers les réseaux relationnels</span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">fonctionnement des instances judiciaires dans la société ottomane</span></span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=90:dumas-juliette&amp;catid=56:ifea-permanents&amp;Itemid=47&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Juliette DUMAS</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">doctorante MAE : Histoire ottomane. Les princesses ottomanes, Histoire des femmes et du genre. Histoire politique.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Doctorants</span></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Nicolas ELIAS</span></strong> <span style="color: #808080;">(Tübitak) : ethno-musicologie.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=95%3Alamesa-anais&amp;catid=57%3Aifea-chercheurs-associes&amp;Itemid=53&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Anaïs LAMESA</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">(Tübitak) : économie de la construction, techniques rupestres, histoire de l''art et archéologie byzantins.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=868%3Alamrhari-loubna&amp;catid=57%3Aifea-chercheurs-associes&amp;Itemid=28&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Loubna LAMRHARI</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">(allocataire de recherche du ministère de la Défense) : histoire contemporaine (XIXe-XXe) ; histoire sociale de l''armée ottomane et turque (fin de l''Empire ottoman et première période républicaine) ; histoire sociale de l''armée française (IIIe République) ; histoire et mémoire ; muséologie militaire.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=86&amp;Itemid=45&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Dilek SARMIŞ</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">(MAEE) : Philosophie et psychanalyse dans la Turquie moderne Thèmes de recherche : Histoire de l’empire ottoman, Turquie républicaine, histoire de la philosophie, réception des idées philosophiques, disciplinarisation et institutionnalisation de la philosophie.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Chercheurs associés</span></strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=85&amp;Itemid=31&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Nora ŞENI</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">directeur de l''IFEA : Histoire contemporaine (XIXe-XXe siècles). Philanthropie, mécénat, équipements et politiques culturelles ; villes, acteurs, usages ; femmes et minorités religieuses dans la ville ottomane, relations entre  Europe et Empire ottoman/Turquie républicaine, Juifs de Turquie et de l’Empire ottoman</span>.</span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>Fabio Alberto AMBROSIO</strong></span><span style="color: #808080;"> : Histoire ottomane. Histoire des religions, mystique ; confréries ; communauté latine.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=58&amp;Itemid=30&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Musa ÇİMEN</span></strong></a><span style="color: #808080;"> : Histoire ottomane (XVIIIe-XIXe siècles). Histoire des sciences ; médecine.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=77%3Alebouteiller-pascal&amp;catid=56%3Aifea-permanents&amp;Itemid=40&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Pınar DOST NIYEGO</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">: Histoire de la Turquie républicaine. Seconde guerre mondiale, politique extérieure.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Anastasia FALIEROU</span></strong> <span style="color: #808080;">: Histoire ottomane (XIXe-XXe siècles). Vêtement, femmes et minorités religieuses dans la ville ottomane.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Sinan KUNERALP</span></strong><span style="color: #808080;"> : Histoire ottomane (XIXe-XXe siècles). Diplomatie, politique extérieure.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Noémi LEVY</span></strong> : <span style="color: #808080;">Histoire ottomane (XIXe-XXe siècles). Ordre public ; forces de l''ordre et violence dans les villes ottomanes.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=93&amp;Itemid=56&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Laurent MALLET</span></strong></a> : <span style="color: #808080;">Histoire contemporaine. Minorités et nationalisme ; Juifs de Turquie et de l’Empire ottoman.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Rinaldo MARMARA</span></strong> : <span style="color: #808080;">Histoire ottomane. Communauté latine, congrégations catholiques, relations entre le Vatican et l''Empire ottoman, guerres de l''Empire ottoman (XIXe-XXe siècles) .</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=66&amp;Itemid=37&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Lisa MONTMAYEUR DEHEURLES</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">: migrations, culture, mémoire dans les Balkans ; échange de population de 1923-1924 ; minorités et nationalisme ; rapprochement gréco-turc.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Nikos SIGALAS</span></strong><span style="color: #808080;"> : Histoire ottomane et balkanique (XVIIIe-XXe siècles) ; construction de la notion d''Etat ; violence sur les populations dans les Balkans ; minorités et nationalisme ; rapprochement gréco-turc.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=60&amp;Itemid=32&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Alexandre TOUMARKINE</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #808080;">Histoire contemporaine (XIXe-XXe siècles). Migrations ; mer Noire ; Ordre public et violence ; histoire sociale des guerres ; naissance de la psychiatrie dans l''Empire ottoman ; mouvement ouvrier ; rapprochement gréco-turc.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: gray; font-family: Arial;">Possibilités d''accueil</span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">L’IFEA accorde 2 types de bourses : <a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=804&amp;Itemid=164&amp;lang=fr"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">bourses d''aide à la mobilité</span></span></strong></span></a> et <a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=806&amp;Itemid=166&amp;lang=fr"><strong><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #ff6600;">bourses de courte durée</span></span></span></strong></a><br /></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li> <span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">BAM</span></strong></span></span> : la campagne 2011-2012 est close</span></li>\r\n<li><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">BCD</span></span></strong></span> : la campagne 2011 est close</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<div><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">L''IFEA accueille également des étudiants bénéficiant de <span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><a href="http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&amp;sid=522&amp;pid=453">bourses TÜBİTAK<br /></a></strong></span></span></span></span></div>\r\n<div><span style="color: #808080;">Effectuer un <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">stage de courte durée</span></strong> (n''excédant pas 2 mois) est également possible, et ce tout au long de l''année. Les stages ne sont pas rémunérés.<br /></span></div>\r\n<div><span style="color: #808080;">Les candidats sont invités  à adresser leur curriculum vitae accompagné d''une lettre de motivation  précisant le cadre dans lequel s''inscrit ce projet de stage ainsi que  les dates envisagées.<span style="color: #808080;"> </span></span><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">L''adresse de contact est<strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"> ifea.istanbul(at)gmail.com</span></strong></span></span></div>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-08 10:17:03', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-02-10 13:46:04', 600, '2010-04-08 10:17:03', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 778, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=IFEA', 'IFEA, histoire, Turquie, Istanbul, chercheurs, recherche, histoire ottomane Nora Seni, Nora ŞENI, Işık TAMDOGAN, Juliette Dumas, NIcolas Elias, Anais Lamesa, Loubna Lamrhari, Cilia Martin, Dilek Sarmis, Pınar Dost Niyego, Noémi Levy', ''),
(234, 'Présentation du Fonds Yérasimos', 'présentation-du-fonds-yérasimos', 54, 1, '<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">A son arrivée à l''IFEA comme directeur à l''automne 1994, Stéphane Yerasimos fit don de près de 600 ouvrages et périodiques à l''Institut. Ces dons ne furent pas ventilés dans la bibliothèque de l''IFEA, mais concentrés sous une cote "Fonds Yerasimos" (FY). La raison de ce choix réside dans l''homogenéité du fonds.</span>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">Pour la quasi totalité, il s''agit d''ouvrages renvoyant à la décennie 1912-1922 où l''Empire ottoman fut plongé dans un conflit quasi continu. Stéphane Yérasimos avait longtemps nourri le projet ambitieux d''écrire l''histoire de cette décennie cruciale pour le destin de l''Empire. Il entendait décloisonner le sujet en le replaçant dans une dimension régionale, intégrant en particulier les relations de l''Empire avec les Balkans et le Caucase, souvent négligées. Le Fonds fut un héritage de ce projet, et aussi le signe, tardif, de son abandon ; la documentation amassée ayant néanmoins servi à l''élaboration de nombreux articles touchant à la question. Ce Fonds donne aujourd''hui la possibilité à de nombreux chercheurs de nourrir leurs travaux sur la période.</span></p>\r\n<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">L''originalité du Fonds est  de rassembler des ouvrages en turc et en grec. A coté d''une solide collection de classiques de l''historiographie turque, il présente une grande quantité d''ouvrages en grec, rarement disponibles dans les bibliothèques de Turquie et portant principalement sur la guerre turco-grecque de 1919-1922. Le Fonds permet donc de confronter deux historiographies nationales de cette guerre, qualifiée de "guerre de libération" en turc et de "catastrophe nationale"en grec. Il a l''imense avantage de recéler de nombreuses sources sur la guerre, notamment des mémoires d''acteurs du conflit. On peut consulter la liste des ouvrages du Fonds sur le </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">catalogue de la bibliothèque de l''IFEA.  Par ailleurs </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">Anastasia Falierou, ancienne boursière de l''IFEA, et </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">Foti Benlisoy</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">, qui fut le  premier lauréat de la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">bourse Yerasimos</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">, proposent deux textes soulignant l''intérêt et la richesse des ouvrages en grec. Nous présentons aussi ici l''article rédigé par ce dernier au terme de son travail sur le Fonds et intitulé <span><em>" <span lang="en-US">War to War! Antimilitarism, communist propaganda and defeatism within the Greek army during the Asia Minor Campaign (1918-1922) "</span></em></span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-08 10:32:33', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-20 10:21:04', 600, '2010-04-08 10:32:33', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 402, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'IFEA, Istanbul, Stephane Yerasimos, bibliothèque', '');
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(235, 'Regard sur le Fonds', 'regard-sur-le-fonds', 54, 1, '<span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>L’historiographie grecque de la guerre d''indépendance : </strong></span></span>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Les ouvrages en grec du Fonds Yerasimos</strong></span></span></span></div>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-align: left;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>Anastassia Falierou (IFEA)</em></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-align: left;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">L''approche symétrique des historiographies grecques et turques se reflète dans les titres des ouvrages, qui composent le Fonds. Ainsi, en grec, on trouvera les titres suivants : ‘’</span><span lang="el-GR">Η</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Καταστροφή</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="el-GR">της</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Μικράς</span><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Ασίας</span><span lang="en-US"> (La catastrophe d’Asie Mineure</span><span lang="en-GB">)</span><span lang="en-US">’’, ‘’</span><span lang="el-GR">Χρονικό</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">μιας</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">μεγάλης</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Τραγωδίας</span><span lang="en-US"> (La chronique d’une grande tragédie)’’, ‘’T</span><span lang="el-GR">α</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">παρασκήνια</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">του</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Μικρασιατικού</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Δράματος</span><span lang="en-US"> (Les coulisses du drame micrasiatique), ‘’</span><span lang="el-GR">η</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Ηττα</span><span lang="en-US">’’ (la défaite), ‘’</span><span lang="el-GR">Ο</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">ιστορικός</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Διχασμός</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">του</span><span lang="en-US"> 1922 (La division historique de 1922), ‘’</span><span lang="el-GR">Η</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Προδοσία</span><span lang="en-US">’’ (La trahison), ‘’</span><span lang="el-GR">Η</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Μικρασιατική</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Εκστρατεία</span><span lang="en-US"> (L’expédition micrasiatique)’’, ‘’</span><span lang="el-GR">Η</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Τραγική</span><span lang="en-US"> </span><span lang="el-GR">Καταστροφή</span><span lang="en-US"> (La catastrophe tragique).</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">La composante grecque du Fonds Yerasimos compte presque 160 ouvrages. Ces ouvrages ne se référent pas exclusivement à la ‘’catastrophe d’Asie Mineure’’, mais se caractérisent par une perspective beaucoup plus large, celle de l’hellénisme irrédentiste (en particulier la Macédoine, le Pont, la Thrace, Smyrne et sa région).</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Classification thématique :</strong></span></span></p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Les sources</span></em></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">On peut distinguer trois catégories des sources :</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Les récits des  opérations militaires<strong><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="text-decoration: none;">I</span>l s’agit d''ouvrages appartenant à des genres variés (chroniques, correspondance officielle ou personelle, journaux intimes, mémoires, documents diplomatiques, rapports de guerre, etc...) qui concernent les opérations militaires en Asie Mineure. Cependant, ces sources nous offrent aussi souvent des informations sur la vie quotidienne des soldats au front, leurs pensées et leurs dilemmes. A coté des matériaux tirés des archives, on y trouve aussi cartes postales et photographies.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Les acteurs de la  guerre</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"> Il s’agit des biographies des personnages qui ont eu une implication personnelle dans la guerre  (comme le général Danglis), ou dont l’engagement était directement lié à la cause de l’héllenisme (<em>cf</em>. le métropolite Chrisostomos à Izmir, ou le métropolite Grégoire de Kidonies/Ayvalık). Dans quelques cas, nous trouvons parmi ces ouvrages les biographies d''adversaires politiques (ex. Venizelos vs. le roi Constantin ou Dimitris Gounaris). Pour la plupart, ces ouvrages se nourrissent d''archives personnelles et parfois même de celles des protagonistes du conflit.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">Sources sur  l’histoire locale des communautés grecques  (<em>rum</em>) d''Asie Mineure<span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span>Ici Il s''agit d''ouvrages écrits des auteurs qui ont vécu et grandi dans ces régions d''Asie Mineure. Ils portent sur l’histoire de certains bourgs et certaines villes telles que Kordelio, Burnovas (Bornova), Sevdiköy, Buca ou Nimpheo (Nif). Leur structure est semblable et leur contenu assez riche : position géographique du lieu, démographie, administration, activités économiques, vie culturelle et sociale (lieux de sociabilités, institutions de la communauté, coutumes (mariage, fêtes, etc..), personnalités éminentes originaires de cette région. Les textes s''accompagnent souvent de cartes et de photos.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<ol start="2">\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">La bibliographie 	secondaire.</span></em></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">La bibliographie secondaire se compose de monographies et de volumes collectifs (<em>cf. </em><span style="font-style: normal;">par exemple </span>le volume publié par le Centre d’Etudes sur l’Asie Mineure basé à Athènes). Ils sont  centrés en grande partie sur les sujets suivants : la description du cours des opérations militaires de la côte égéenne jusqu’à l’intérieur de l''Asie Mineure, la retraite des Turcs, les malheurs et  horreurs de la guerre (les massacres et les tortures subis  par la population civile, les maladies, la famine, etc...), l''incendie d’Izmir, la vie de l’héllenisme d’Asie Mineure sous la République. L’originalité et les limites de ces travaux ? Ils représentent des points de vue politiques différents, autour du clivage entre  partisans et adversaires de Venizelos. Notons aussi  qu''ils publient des documents souvent inédits.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Il faut aussi signaler, parmi la bibliographie secondaire, des ouvrages sur l’histoire politique et sociale de la Grèce ou encore sur celle de la banque nationale (grecque) d’Asie Mineure. </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Classement chronologique:</strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Si on classe les ouvrages en grec du Fonds par décennie, on est frappé par l''importance des années 1919-1929, bien fournies, qui renvoient plutôt à des sources. Les ouvrages parus lors des années 1940-1959 sont peu nombreux. La production des années 1960-1989, nombreuse, renvoie plus à la bibliographie secondaire.</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Nombre d''ouvrages par décennies :</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1919-1929 : 43</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1930-1939 : 25</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1940-1949 : 7</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1950-1959 :10</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1960-1969 : 25</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1970-1979 : 38</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1980-1989 : 10</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Le profil des auteurs:</strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Dans</span> leur majorité, il s’agit des militaires, parfois de haut rang. Ensuite, on trouve  des journalistes et en particulier les correspondants du guerre, suivis par les hommes des lettres (historiens, professeurs, enseignants, écrivains). Puis viennent des diplomates. Enfin quelques livres ont pour auteurs des membres de professions libérales (médecins, avocats) et des membres du clergé.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Pourquoi écrire?</strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Les raisons qui ont poussé les auteurs à écrire sont multiples. Cependant certaines sont récurrentes. Les auteurs des ouvrages autour la guerre greco-turque (1919-1922) peuvent être divisés en deux groupes :  les témoins et les autres. </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">La motivation des premiers est de raconter ceux qu’ils ont vu et vécu. Leurs livres sont souvent écrits sur un mode sentimental, voire pathétique. Ils ont un contenu moralisateur : les  témoins souhaitent transmettre aux générations futures leur propre expérience et leur mémoire. ‘’L’histoire se répète’’soulignent–ils : seule une bonne connaissance de l’histoire peut prévenir les gens de commettre les mêmes fautes que par le passé. </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Quant aux auteurs qui ne sont pas des témoins, ils s’intéressent plutôt à la dimension purement historique du sujet, c’est-à-dire considèrent les années 1919-1922 comme un moment historique majeur, qui a déterminé l''orientation des relations greco-turques tout au long du XXème siècle. </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Quel que soit le regard porté par les auteurs, ceux-ci s’accordent à conclure que la défaite grecque en Asie Mineure fut le résultat des causes suivantes :</span></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">l''épuisement, et de 	manière générale les problèmes 	d''approvisionnement auxquels l’armée grecque a été 	confrontée.</span></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">la supériorité de 	l’armée turque dans le domaine de l''armement, de 	l''organisation et de la logistique.</span></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Les divisions internes grecques</span></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">la politique des Alliés, 	qui malgré leurs déclarations concernant 	l’autodétermination des peuples n’ont  finalement pas 	soutenu les revendications grecques.</span></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style="margin-left: -0.32cm; margin-right: -0.1cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;" lang="en-US"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /> </span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-08 10:33:18', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-20 10:20:00', 600, '2010-04-08 10:33:18', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 121, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', 'IFEA, Stephane Yerasimos, bibliothèque', ''),
(803, 'Histoire - Liens', 'histoire-liens', 54, 0, '<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>1. </strong><strong>Centre de recherches et instituts partenaires</strong></span></span></span></div>\r\n<ol> </ol>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong> </strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Centre d’Etudes Turques, Ottomanes, Balkaniques et Centrasiatiques (Cetobac) de l’EHESS</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://cetobac.ehess.fr/">http://cetobac.ehess.fr/</a></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Institut d’Etudes de l’Islam et des Sociétés du Monde Musulman (IISMM) de l’EHESS</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://iismm.ehess.fr/">http://iismm.ehess.fr/</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Collège de France – Histoire Turque et Ottomane</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/his_tur/index.htm">http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/his_tur/index.htm</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Institut Français du Proche Orient</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://www.ifporient.org/">http://www.ifporient.org/</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Orient Institut Istanbul</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://www.oidmg.org/istanbul/index_tr.html">http://www.oidmg.org/istanbul/index_tr.html</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Orient Institut Beirut</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://www.orient-institut.org/English/index.aspx?pageid=417">http://www.orient-institut.org/English/index.aspx?pageid=417</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>2. </strong><strong>Universités d’Istanbul</strong></span></span></span></div>\r\n<ol> </ol>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Département d’histoire de l’université de Boğaziçi</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://hist.boun.edu.tr/">http://hist.boun.edu.tr/</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Département d’histoire de l’université de Sabancı</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://hist.sabanciuniv.edu/">http://hist.sabanciuniv.edu/</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Département d''histoire de l''Université de Bilgi</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><a href="http://history.bilgi.edu.tr/"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">http://history.bilgi.edu.tr/</span></span></span></a></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Université de Galatasaray</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://www.msgsu.edu.tr/msu/pages/551.aspx">http://www.msgsu.edu.tr/msu/pages/551.aspx</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>3.   Archives et bibliothèques</strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Archives et manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF)</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/cdc.html">http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/cdc.html#</a></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Archives du College de France</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/ins_bib/archives.htm">http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/ins_bib/archives.htm</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>4. </strong><strong> Aide à la recherche</strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<ol> </ol>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Catalogue interbibliothèques d’Istanbul</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://libris.bahcesehir.edu.tr/yordamtk.htm">http://libris.bahcesehir.edu.tr/yordamtk.htm</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Catalogue de la bibliothèque de l’IFEA</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://85.105.93.101/yordam.htm">http://85.105.93.101/yordam.htm</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Catalogue de la BNF</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><a href="http://www.bnf.fr/fr/collections_et_services/catalogues.html">http://www.bnf.fr/fr/collections_et_services/catalogues.html</a></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-07-11 12:08:18', 84, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-02-03 14:15:06', 600, '2010-07-11 12:08:18', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 0, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n 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(232, 'ANR Occupations militaires', 'anr-occupations-militaires', 55, 1, '<table style="width: 100%;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign="top" width="100%"></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign="top" width="100%">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;">Les mots de l’occupation</span></td>\r\n<td align="right" width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=950" target="_blank" title="Convertir en PDF"> </a></span></td>\r\n<td align="right" width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=950&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=911" target="_blank" title="Version imprimable"> </a></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan="2" valign="top"><ol>\r\n<li>\r\n<p align="justify" lang="fr-FR"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Les mots de l’occupation 	(Atelier d’Athènes, 17-18 mars  2008)</strong></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol> <span style="color: #888888;"><br /> La  définition de la notion d’occupation a été menée dans une perspective historique, afin de saisir les variations de cette notion en fonction des époques et des acteurs impliqués et de mener, dans le même temps, une réflexion sur les notions connexes d’invasion et d’annexion. L’enquête consiste tout d’abord en une approche historiographique, concernant au premier chef la conquête ottomane et la question de la sortie de l’occupation, en interrogeant la structure de l’ordre ottoman progressivement mis en place.<br /><br /></span>\r\n<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;">Elle s’étend à toutes les formes d’occupations occasionnées par les guerres  liées à <st1:personname productid="la Question" w:st="on">la Question</st1:personname> d’Orient, qui ont vu se multiplier les occasions de présence militaire des grandes  puissances européennes dans les Balkans, en tentant entre autres de discerner  comment elles furent ressenties sur place (forces d’occupation ou de  libération). Dans toutes les études de cas, l’emploi des mots utilisés par les différentes parties pour qualifier la présence militaire et les opérations sur le  terrain constituent le point de départ de l’enquête. Une telle étude lexicale  permet d’introduire la réflexion sur la nature des occupations, sur les enjeux diplomatiques et nationaux qu’elles représentent, mais aussi, d’une  façon plus générale, de mener une étude comparée des mots d’une part et des  situations de violence sur le terrain d’autre part.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign="top" width="100%">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;">Les pratiques de l’occupation</span></td>\r\n<td align="right" width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=951" target="_blank" title="Convertir en PDF"> </a></span></td>\r\n<td align="right" width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=951&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=911" target="_blank" title="Version imprimable"> </a></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan="2" valign="top"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong> Les  pratiques de l’occupation (atelier prévu en  2009)</strong></span>\r\n<p align="justify" lang="fr-FR"><span style="color: #888888;">L’année 2009 sera consacrée au terrain de l’occupation, dans ses aspects militaires, mais aussi aspects plus civils (administration, réorganisation, appropriation de la terre, cadastration etc). Un atelier sera organisé au printemps 2009 à l''IFEA.</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign="top" width="100%">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;">Lien entre occupation et mutations de l’outil militaire</span></td>\r\n<td align="right" width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=952" target="_blank" title="Convertir en PDF"> </a></span></td>\r\n<td align="right" width="100%"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=952&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=911" target="_blank" title="Version imprimable"> </a></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan="2" valign="top"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong> Lien entre  occupation et mutations de l’outil militaire ( atelier  prévu en 2010)</strong></span>\r\n<p align="justify" lang="fr-FR"><span style="color: #888888;">Un dernier volet de l’enquête sera enfin consacré au lien entre occupation et mutations de l’outil militaire, notamment à propos des transformations et de la modernisation de l’armée dans l’Empire ottoman et dans les États nouvellement créés, qui eurent une lourde incidence sur la structure des sociétés locales, encore largement liée au recrutement des irréguliers et des milices. Á ce titre il faut rappeler combien l’occupation, moment de mobilisation militaire et idéologique, est un facteur de socialisation politique qui contribue à cliver les communautés et à faire cristalliser le sentiment national.</span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-08 10:25:09', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-20 10:49:39', 600, '2010-04-08 10:25:09', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 1, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=IFEA', 'IFEA, histoire, occupation, question d''Orient, Balkans', ''),
(233, 'Programme Ramses 2', 'programme-ramses-2', 55, 1, '<div style="text-align: left;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: Arial; color: #ff6600;" lang="FR">Programme Ramses 2</span></strong></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong> </strong></span></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>" mémoires du conflit et réconciliation : acteurs et dynamiques non étatiques "</strong></span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;" lang="en-GB"><span style="color: #888888;"><br /></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;">Ce programme Ramses<sup> 2 </sup> est mené  par l''Institut Français d''Etudes Anatoliennes (IFEA) - Istanbul, l''Université du Bosphore et l''Ecole Française d''Athènes (EFA).  Il a été élaboré dans le cadre du réseau Ramses<sup>2</sup>, réseau d''excellence européen des centres de recherche en sciences humaines sur la Méditerranée et s''étend de 2007 à 2009. Le programme étudie le  rôle des acteurs non étatiques dans la constitution des mémoires du conflit et dans le processus de réconciliation entre des nations ennemies. La méthode choisie consiste à partir d''un cas concret, l''antagonisme et la réconciliation turco-grecs, soumis ensuite à comparaison. Cette comparaison constitue par ailleurs  l''un des axes de recherche de l''EFA et de l''UMR 8138 IRICE ( Identités, relations internationales et civilisations de l''Europe - universités de Paris I, Paris IV et CNRS) associée par convention avec l''EFA  (programme " Vivre avec l''Autre après les conflits, traces de guerre, réparations et enjeux de la réconciliation").</span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><br /> </strong></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;">Le programme Ramses<sup>2</sup> entend identifier et comparer les diverses mémoires locales et communautaires du conflit et de la cohabitation, afin de s''interroger sur leur relation aux récits nationaux et nationalistes et aux acteurs étatiques. Il ne s''intéresse pas uniquement aux processus de réconciliation, mais aussi aux raisons et conditions de leur échec, le cas échéant. Ainsi le programme Ramses<sup>2</sup> entend d''abord cerner les acteurs dans leur contexte passé et présent, leurs activités et leurs réseaux, et ensuite analyser les dynamiques à l''origine de leurs initiatives et mesurer leur contribution au processus de réconciliation quels qu''en soient les résultats.</span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;">Durant l''été 2007, dans le cadre du programme a été lancé un appel à participation destiné à des jeunes chercheurs sur le thème des <strong> </strong>"acteurs non étatiques dans le processus de réconciliation turco-grec depuis les années 1970". Au terme d''une étude de terrain, les 17 chercheurs recrutés ont présenté le résultat de leurs travaux et leurs premières synthèses lors d''une journée organisée  à l''IFEA  les 2-3 décembre 2007.</span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #888888;">La seconde rencontre du programme,  autour du conflit des historiographies, est  prévue pour la fin du printemps 2009. Elle sera suivie d''une troisième rencontre portant sur la comparaison entre le cas turco-grec</span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-08 10:28:31', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-20 10:47:42', 600, '2010-04-08 10:28:31', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 0, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=IFEA', 'IFEA, histoire, réconciliation, Ramses2, conflit, thème de recherche, chercheur', '');
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(801, 'LIVRES PUBLIES PAR DES MEMBRES DU GROUPE "HISTOIRE" DE L''IFEA', 'livres-publies-par-des-membres-du-groupe-histoire-de-lifea', 56, 1, '<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><img style="float: left;" alt="jandarmaweb" src="images/stories/bibliotheque/images/jandarmaweb.jpg" height="169" width="120" /></strong></span></em></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"> </span></em></span><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> Noémi Lévy,  Nadir Özbek,  Alexandre Toumarkine, <span style="color: #ff6600;"> </span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><em> Jandarma ve Polis : Fransız ve Osmanlı  Tarihçiliğine Çapraz  Bakışlar</em></span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> Istanbul, Tarih Vakfı Yurt  Yayınları, 2009</span></strong></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><img style="float: left;" alt="mallet" src="images/stories/bibliotheque/images/mallet.jpg" height="185" width="120" /></strong></span></em></span>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"> </span></em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Laurent-Olivier  Mallet,</span></span></strong></span><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"> </span><span><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;" lang="FR"><em> </em></span></strong></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;" lang="FR"><em> La  Turquie, les Turcs, </em></span></strong><strong><span lang="FR"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"> et les Juifs</span><span style="color: #ff6600;"> - Histoire, Représentations, Discours  et  Stratégies</span></em> </span></strong></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span><strong><span lang="FR"> Istanbul, ISIS Press, 2008, 616p.</span></strong></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family:  arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><img style="float: left;" alt="noemieosman" src="images/stories/bibliotheque/livredelannee/2009/noemieosman.jpg" height="177" width="123" /></strong></span></em></span>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family:  arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"> </span> <strong> <span style="color: #808080;">Noémi   Lévy, Alexandre Toumarkine (ed.)</span></strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"> Osmanli''da  asayis, suç ve ceza</span></span></span></em></strong></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family:  arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;"> <strong>Istanbul, Tarih Vakfi, 2007.</strong></span></span></span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-06-25 12:40:54', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-16 08:30:31', 600, '2010-06-25 12:40:54', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 88, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', 'études d''histoire, IFEA, recherche, publications', ''),
(802, 'ARTICLES PUBLIES PAR DES MEMBRES DU GROUPE "HISTOIRE" DE L''IFEA', 'articles-publies-par-des-membres-du-groupe-histoire-de-lifea', 56, 1, '<p> </p>\r\n<table style="width: 524px; height: 242px;" border="0">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">pas d''image</span></span></span></em></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;">Juliette Dumas</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>"Osmanli ve Fransiz Prensesleri : Evlilik Manzaralari"</strong><br /></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>Toplumsal Tarih</strong></span></em>, 202 (Ekim 2010)  : 77-83<br /></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">pas d''image</span></span></span></em></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Alexandre Toumarkine</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"Cumhuriyeti''nde Görevli Fransız Subayı Sarrou"</span></span></span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff9900;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Toplumsal Tarih</span></span></strong>, 201 (Eylül 2010) : 52-58</span></span></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table style="width: 526px; height: 200px;" border="0">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="color: #808080;"><img alt="Toplumsal_Tarih_juin10" src="images/stories/ifea/actualites/Toplumsal_Tarih_juin10.jpg" height="165" width="120" /></span></span></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Juliette Dumas </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">"</span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>Bir  Duhterciğimiz  Dünyaya geldi.</strong></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>III.    Ahmed’in ilk kız çocuğu Fatma  Sultan’ın doğumu şerefine düzenlenen    şenlikler</strong>"<span style="color: #ff6600;"> </span></span></span></p>\r\n<span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><em>Toplumsal    Tarih</em> </strong><span style="color: #888888;">198 (Juin 2010)</span> </span>: <span style="color: #888888;">22-28</span></span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<table style="width: 524px; height: 194px;" border="0">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="color: #808080;"><img src="images/stories/ifea/actualites/toplumsal_tarih_dergisi_sayi_197_2010_4_30.jpg" alt="toplumsal_tarih_dergisi_sayi_197_2010_4_30" height="175" width="120" /></span></span></strong></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;">Musa Cimen</span><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><em> </em></span></strong><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;"> </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">"Hekimbaşı   Behçet Efendi''nin Hezar Esrar''ı  Osmanlı Halk Tıbbında ilaçlar ve   Şifalar"</span></span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><em>Toplumsal  Tarih</em> <span style="color: #888888;"> </span></span></strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="color: #888888;">197 (Mai 2010) : </span></span></span><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><br /></span></strong><span style="color: #808080;"> </span><span style="color: #808080;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;"><br /><br /> </span></span></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<span style="color: #888888;"> </span> \r\n<table style="width: 524px; height: 131px;" border="0">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="color: #888888;">pas d''image                 <br /></span></em></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;">Juliette Dumas</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;">"<strong>Hücre''den Saray''a : 15. - 18. Yüzyillarda Osmanli konutlari</strong>"</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Toplumsal Tarih</span></em></strong> 193 (janvier 2010) : </span></span><br /></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table style="width: 522px; height: 180px;" border="0">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="color: #808080;"><img src="images/stories/ifea/publications/mubadeleden_sonra.jpg" alt="mubadeleden_sonra" style="vertical-align: bottom;" height="161" width="119" /></span></span></strong></span></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #808080;">5  articles et un </span><span style="color: #808080;">dossier  ("Mübadeleden Sonra") de l''IFEA</span></span><br /><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><em>Toplumsal  Tarih</em> </span></strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="color: #808080;">(</span><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="color: #808080;">E</span>kim 2009)</span></span></span><br /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table style="width: 521px; height: 169px;" border="0">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"><em>pas d''image</em> <br /></span></span></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;">Alexandre Toumarkine</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"<strong>Dumézil ''in  Kafkasya Türkiye''deki   çalışmaları</strong>"</span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><em>Toplumsal Tarih</em></strong></span> (Mais  2009) : 60-65.</span></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<br />', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-06-25 12:56:54', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-16 08:20:07', 600, '2010-06-25 12:56:54', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 79, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', 'études d''histoire, IFEA', ''),
(903, 'Workshop  International  "De la collection aux archives"', 'workshop-international-de-la-collection-aux-archives', 57, 0, '<p><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Workshop  International  "De la collection aux archives : prises en faux" <br />Istanbul, Université du Bosphore, 21-22 octobre 2010</span><br /></strong></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #999999;">P<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">rogramme / Program</span></span></span><br /><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><br />Contributions présentées / Paper Presentations</strong></span><br /><strong>Naby Avcıoğlu</strong> (Columbia University’s Global Center / Institut d’Études Politiques – Paris) — Pseudo-morphology of an ‘Ottoman’ album or archival guff?<br /><strong>Stefanie Baumann</strong> (Université Paris VIII – Paris)  — On hysterical documents. How Walid Raad’s project "The Atlas Group   Archives" approaches the notions of authenticity, documents and the   archive<br /><strong>Sinan Çetin </strong>(Bilgi Üniversitesi – Istanbul) — Ambiguity of bibliography on books in Ottoman Turkish: Özege and the materiality of collecting books<br /><strong>Christine Jungen</strong> (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Paris) — Altérations à la marge : l''émergence du faux dans les interstices d''un document<br /><strong>Clara Lamireau</strong> (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales / Orange Labs – Paris)  — Réparation et maintenance des prières écrites dans les églises   catholiques parisiennes: la fabrication des cahiers d''intentions<br /><strong>Adam Mestyan</strong> (Central European University – Budapest) — The Shape of the fake – Archival narratives and digital images<br /><strong>Arzu Öztürkmen</strong> (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi – Istanbul)<br /> — Between folklore archives and historical ethnography: Skepticism on orality in historical writing</span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Commentaires et discussion / Discussants<br /></span></strong><strong>Marc Aymes</strong> (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Paris)<strong><br />Francis Chateauraynaud</strong> (Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales – Paris)<br /><strong>Benoît Fliche</strong> (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Paris / Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes – Istanbul)<strong>Cengiz Kırlı</strong> (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi – Istanbul)<br /><strong>Yael Navaro-Yashin</strong> (University of Cambridge – Cambridge)</span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></span> \r\n', '\r\n<br /><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></span></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>De la collection aux archives : prises en faux</strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;">Comment le faux opère-t-il dans la  collection ? De nombreux travaux  ont montré l''intimité qui s''est  établie entre la forgerie et la  critique : procédures d''authentification  et fabrications de faux  s''informent ainsi réciproquement dans une  collaboration, fût-elle  involontaire, entre les faussaires et les  « authentificateurs »<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a>.   La fabrique du faux s''appuie également sur les critères d''authenticité   élaborés par les collectionneurs, et plus encore, sur ce que Bessy et   Chateauraynaud ont appelé « l''effet de collection ». Ces derniers   soulignent ainsi à propos des collections d''art comment « les faussaires   imaginent les manques, créent des variantes, produisent des périodes,   des thèmes, des paysages ou des portraits qui n''ont jamais été peints   par l''artiste original : ils retournent la collection contre elle-même   en la faisant douter de sa complétude<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> ». En somme, le faux révèle ainsi à rebours les modalités opératoires   du geste collectionneur : éclectisme, désir de complétude et mise en   série relevant de l''arbitraire du collectionneur fondent aussi bien la   collection que la possibilité de sa contrefaçon.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;">La constitution d''un fonds  d''archives s''oppose en principe  radicalement à la démarche du  collectionneur. Alors que la collection  procède d''une intention, d''une  recherche, d''un choix d''un ensemble  d''objets, le fonds d''archives est a  priori le produit non pas d''une  quête mais d''une réception, non pas d''un  choix mais d''un tri (voire  même d''une destruction afférente au travail  de tri) : le document  d''archives a dans ce cadre pour caractéristique  d''exister dans son  contexte de production puis de réception au sein d''un  fonds, alors que  l''objet de collection parvient à l''existence dans le  geste  collectionneur lui attribuant une similarité, ou une  caractéristique  commune avec les autres objets collectionnés.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;">La distinction entre archives et  collection perd toutefois rapidement  de sa netteté quand l''on observe  des démarches de rassemblements de  fonds d''archives, à l''instar de ce  qui se passe par exemple dans nombre  de pays du Moyen et Proche-Orient  où de véritables collections de  fonds d''archives sont instituées :  collection de documents sur la  guerre au Liban, collecte d''archives  orales palestiniennes, collecte  des registres des mahakim shara‘i en  Jordanie, etc. Fonds d''archives et  collections se rejoignent par  ailleurs dans le souci de la mise en  série, de l''authenticité, voire de  la bienséance (ou de la convenance),  aussi bien esthétique que morale  d''un objet au sein d''une série. On  pourrait ainsi évoquer à propos des  archives un « effet de  collection », qui, de la même manière, permet au  falsificateur d''opérer  sur l''absence (et le désir d''y pallier) et la  mise en série (et ses  caractéristiques matérielles et temporelles).</span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;">En partant de l''hypothèse que les  archives relèvent du même effet de  collection que d''autres  rassemblements d''objets institués en  collections proprement dites, nous  interrogerons ici les productions de  faux, et les falsifications comme  révélateurs (quasiment au sens  photographique) des modalités opératoires  fondant le régime  archivistique : quels sont les critères d''adéquation,  de convenance, de  ressemblance, de référence sur lesquels le  falsificateur opère ? Nous  nous intéresserons aussi bien à l''émergence  du faux comme falsification  intentionnelle et avérée qu''à l''ensemble des  incertitudes que génère  l''effet de collection : comment traiter un  objet unique, un hapax ?  Jusqu''où peut-on transformer un document,  effectuer des modifications  sans le falsifier ? Comment le faux fait-il  opérer les registres  d''autorité et de contingence ? Nous chercherons ici  à identifier  comment la collection produit dans ses marges et dans ses  interstices —  mais aussi, peut-être, en son principe — un ensemble  d''opérations  relevant du faux, allant de la falsification à la tromperie  ou à  l''illusion, et qui visent aussi bien à produire qu''à domestiquer  le  faux et ses variations.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></span><br clear="all" /><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></span></div>\r\n<hr style="text-align: justify;" />\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Voir en particulier Anthony Grafton, <em>Faussaires et critiques. Créativité et duplicité chez les érudits occidentaux</em>, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1993.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Christian Bessy, Francis Chateauraynaud. <em>Experts et faussaires. Pour une sociologie de la perception</em>, Paris, Métailié, 1995, p. 131.</span></span></span></p>', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-10-12 13:57:24', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-16 08:32:26', 600, '2010-10-12 13:57:24', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 1, 0, 4, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 70, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', 'études d''histoire, IFEA, workshop', ''),
(904, 'La justice dans la société ottomane', 'séminaire-la-justice-dans-la-société-ottomane', 201, 1, '<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" mce_style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;" mce_style="color: #888888;"> <span style="color: #ff6600;" mce_style="color: #ff6600;"><b> <span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Institutions, acteurs et pratiques</span></b></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<div class="note"><div class="typo-icon"><p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Organisatrices : Işık TAMDOĞAN et Juliette DUMAS</span></span></p></div></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" mce_style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">La justice dans la société ottomane était pratiquée au sein d’une configuration complexe, faite de l’interaction de différentes institutions, références judiciaires (chéria, kanun, coutumes) ou acteurs et donnait lieu à une multiplicité de pratiques différentes. Les personnes qui étaient en désaccord, voire impliquées dans un conflit, disposaient de plusieurs voies alternatives pour résoudre leur différend. A l’échelle de l’Empire il y avait les tribunaux des cadis auxquels les sujets (musulmans ou non) pouvaient s’adresser mais ceux-ci ne représentaient pas la seule institution ou instance distribuant les droits ou sanctions parmi les sujets. Il y avait par ailleurs le divan impérial ou bien les autorités des différentes communautés religieuses ou professionnelles, auquel les personnes pouvaient faire appel en cas de conflit. Et le pouvoir judiciaire ou exécutif des uns (tel les cadis) pouvait être corrigé, complété ou bien contre balancé par celui des autres (tel les vali, le şeyhülislam ou les muftis). </span></p>', '<p><br></p><span style="font-size: 10pt;" mce_style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;" mce_style="color: #888888;"><i></i></span></span></span>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" mce_style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;" mce_style="color: #888888;"><i> </i><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">L’objectif de ce séminaire est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de l’interaction de ces différentes institutions et acteurs lors des processus de réconciliation entre individus ou bien au cours de l’établissement de la justice en générale. A travers l’intervention d’historiens travaillant sur différents aspects du fonctionnement de la justice au sein de la société ottomane, nous souhaitons avoir de nouveaux éclairages sur le déroulement des pratiques relatives au procédures juridiques, punitives ou bien réconciliatrices. L’interaction entre les tribunaux des cadis et les divans des gouverneurs ou bien du divan impérial nous intéressera particulièrement à cet égard mais aussi la place faite aux opinions des juristes (tel les muftis), tout au long des processus de la réconciliation. Les pratiques judiciaires qui étaient opératoires hors des institutions feront également partie de notre discussion. Qu’il s’agisse des pratiques punitives (</span><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">kan davası) ou bien réconciliatrices (telle la pratique du sulh), c’est encore une fois l’interaction entre ces différentes sphères de justice, qu’ils soient «&nbsp;informelles&nbsp;» ou bien plus institutionnalisées qui retiendra notre attention.</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Séances passées :</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">mardi 8 mars 2011 : <b>Juliette Dumas</b> (EHESS - IFEA)</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">"European Embassies before the Ottoman Judge: issues and strategies"<br></span> \r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">mardi 15 février 2011 : <b>Alp Yücel Kaya</b> (Université Technique d''Istanbul) </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">"19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Mülkiyet İhtilafları ve Sulh Mahkemelerinin Kurumsallaşması"<br></span> \r\n<ul>\r\n<li style="font-size: 13px;" mce_style="font-size: 13px;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">mardi 11 janvier 2011 : <b>Suraiya Faroqhi</b> (Université de Bilgi)</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">"Ottoman kadis acting as notaries in state-enforced dispute resolution between villagers and nomads"</span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Voir la vidéo-conférence : <a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1055:11012011faroqhi&amp;catid=61:2010&amp;Itemid=131&amp;lang=f" mce_href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1055:11012011faroqhi&amp;catid=61:2010&amp;Itemid=131&amp;lang=f" title="accès à la vidéo">VIDEO</a></span></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">mardi 14 décembre 2010 : <b>Yavuz AYKAN</b> (EHESS / Université de Münich)</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">"Les absents, les muftis et les conflits juridiques"</span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Voir la vidéo-conférence : <a title="accès à la vidéo" href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1004:14122010-conf-de-yavuz-aykan&amp;catid=61:2010&amp;Itemid=131&amp;la" mce_href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1004:14122010-conf-de-yavuz-aykan&amp;catid=61:2010&amp;Itemid=131&amp;la">VIDEO</a></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">mardi 2 novembre 2010 : <b>Işık TAMDOĞAN</b> (CNRS)</span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">"La réconciliation devant et en dehors du tribunal du cadi : le cas des accords à l''amiable (sulh)"</span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Voir la vidéo-conférence : <a target="_blank" title="accès à la vidéo" href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=977:2112010-ik-tamdoan&amp;catid=61:2010&amp;Itemid=131&amp;lang=fr" mce_href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=977:2112010-ik-tamdoan&amp;catid=61:2010&amp;Itemid=131&amp;lang=fr">VIDEO</a></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><br></p>', NULL, NULL, '[]', '', '2010-10-12 16:11:09', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-08-05 13:18:45', 600, '2010-10-12 16:11:09', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 52, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', 'études d''histoire, IFEA, séminaires', ''),
(905, 'Mers ottomanes: de la Méditerranée à l''Océan indien', 'séminaire-mers-ottomanes-de-la-méditerranée-à-locéan-indien', 201, 1, '<span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>Études sur l''histoire maritime de l''Empire ottoman et des puissances occidentales en Méditerranée et dans l''océan indien à l''époque moderne</b></span><br>\r\n<div class="note"><div class="typo-icon"><p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Organisateurs : Dejanirah Couto et Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont<br></span></p></div></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">En partenariat avec l''EPHE<br>Le but de ce séminaire est de diffuser, renouveler et promouvoir la recherche historique dans le domaine particulier de l''histoire maritime et navale commune de l''Empire ottoman et des puissances occidentales, mise en valeur par l''archéologie nautique, de l''époque moderne à la période contemporaine. </span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Les interventions de cette année auront pour thématique générale : <b>"construction navale, navigation, recrutement, cartographie et techniques navales : évolutions, différences et interactions"</b></span></p>', '<p><br></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Les sessions mensuelles se tiendront à partir d''octobre 2010 jusqu''à mai 2011. </span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Elles favoriseront la réunion d''un pannel de spécialistes, mondialement connus, de l''histoire maritime ottomane, européenne et asiatique</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 15px; text-align: justify;" mce_style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Prochaine séance :</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Vendredi 25 mars 2010 : </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>Nicola Mélis</b> (Université de Cagliari) :&nbsp;<b>"The Development of the Ottoman Maritime Arsenals: 16-17th centuries</b></span><br><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Séances passées : </span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Lundi 16 février 2010 : </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>Gianmarco Casale</b> (Université du Minnesota) : <b>"A Social Approach to the Early Modern Ottoman Fleet"</b><br></span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Lundi 27 décembre 2010 : </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>Alain Serventie : "Assistance vénitienne à la modernisation de la flotte turque contre les Portugais (1531-34)"</b><br></span> \r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>Mardi 30 novembre 2010 : </b></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>Dejanirah Couto (professeur à l''EPHE): "Vers l''Adriatique: Juan Francisco Justiniani, Venise et les <i>tersane </i>ottomanes"</b></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b style="font-weight: bold;" mce_style="font-weight: bold;">Mercredi 20 octobre à 2010 :</b></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b style="font-weight: bold;" mce_style="font-weight: bold;">Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont (directeur de recherche émérite au CNRS): "Construire une escadre : autour de quelques chantiers navals ottomans, Kasimpasa, Sinop et Suez"</b></span>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Projet mené en collaboration avec : </span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">- IFEA (Institut Français d''Études Anatoliennes)-Istanbul</span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">- EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études)-Paris</span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">- Institut d''archéologie navale de l''Université du Texas (Texas A&amp;M University)</span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">- CHAM (Institut d''histoire sous-marine) au sein de la Nouvelle Université de Lisbonne<br></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;" mce_style="color: #888888;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">- Université d''Egée - Izmir</span><br></span></p>', NULL, NULL, '[]', '', '2010-10-12 16:42:14', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-09-26 13:59:29', 600, '2010-10-12 16:42:14', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 141, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', 'études d''histoire, IFEA, séminaires', '');
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(922, 'COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL : 25-26 NOVEMBRE 2010', 'colloque-international--25-26-novembre-2010', 57, 0, '<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><img src="images/stories/histoire/seminaires/Poster-FR.jpg" alt="Poster-FR" style="float: left;" height="424" width="300" /></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>QUAND LES FEMMES INVESTISSENT LA SCENE PUBLIQUE... </strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Hommes et familles dans le patronage architectural féminin en Orient et en Occident<br /></strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Colloque international<br /></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>25 - 26 Novembre 2010 </strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"> </p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Jeudi 25 novembre : à CEZAYIR (Hayriye cad. 16, Galatasaray, Beyoglu - Istanbul)<br /></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Vendredi 26 novembre : au NIT (Nuru Ziya sk. 5, </span></span></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Beyoglu - Istanbul)</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pour voir le programme, cliquer ici : <span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong><a title="programme en turc" href="images/stories/histoire/seminaires/Program_TR_1.pdf">programme des deux journées </a></strong></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong> Colloque organisé par l''IFEA</strong> (Institut Français d''Etudes Anatoliennes) et l''<strong>EPHE</strong> (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes)</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"> Avec le soutien et la participation du Centre d''Etudes sur la Renaissance (Fondation Carisbo) et le  NIT (Institut de Recherche Hollandais).  <br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"> Coordination scientifique : <strong>Juliette Dumas</strong> (dumas.ju@gmail.com) et <strong>Sabine Frommel</strong>.</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"><br /></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Programme de la partie orientale (Empire ottoman) :<br /></span></span></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Olivier BOUQUET (Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis) : <em><strong>La place des femmes dans l''administration des fondations pieuses et la conscience dynastique des grandes familles des grandes familles ottomanes (XVIIIe - XXe siècle) : le cas des Halil Hamid Paşa-zâde</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Richard LANGSTAFF (University of London) : <strong><em>Mihrimah Sultan : patronage and legacy </em></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Juliette DUMAS (EHESS Paris / IFEA): <strong><em>Conscience familiale et dynastique dans le patronage des princesses ottomanes à l''époque classique </em></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Emine ATALAY SEÇEN (Peyzaj Mimarı ; TBMM Milli Saraylar Daire Başkanlığı) et Elmas ERDOĞAN (Ankara Üniversitesi ; peyzaj mimarlığı anabilimdalı) : <strong><em>La fondation des harems et des bâtiments extérieurs dans les palais ottomans</em></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Stefan KNOST (Orient Institute, Beirut) : <strong><em>Women and waqf in Ottoman Aleppo (18th century)</em></strong>. </span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Nora ŞENI (IFEA / EHESS) : <strong><em>Femmes philanthropes aux origines du nationalisme turc</em></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Alberto Fabio AMBROSIO (EHESS / IFEA / Dosti) : <em><strong>L''origine féminine des espaces soufis d''Istanbul</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Tülay ARTAN (Sabancı Üniversitesi) : <em><strong>Various Palaces of Fatma Sultan, daughter of Ahmed III and wife of Nevşehirli İIbrahim Paşa</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Programme de la partie occidentale (Europe) : </span></span></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Claudia CONFORTI (università Roma 2 Tor Vergata) : <strong><em>Laura Martinozzi etFrancesco d’Este</em></strong> </span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Marco FOLIN (università di Genova) : <em><strong>Sigismondo Malatesta, Isotta degli Atti et le Pape Pie II : le temple Malastiano comme symbole politique </strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Sabine FROMMEL (Ecole pratique des hautes études, Sorbonne) : <strong><em>Marguerite d’Autriche et Ottavio Farnese</em></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Friedrich POLLEROSS (Universität Wien) : <em><strong>Des maisons de plaisance et des couvents. Les femmes des Habsbourg dans le mécénat architectural </strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Mercedes GOMEZ-FERRER (Université de Valencia) : <em><strong>Les fonctions des palais à la cour d''Espagne : le cas du palais royal de Valence</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Eva KREMS (Universität Marburg) : <em><strong>“Ancien contre nouveau” : le rôle du fondateur et de la fondatrice dans la construction du palais de Wittelsbach à Munich</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Elisabeth WERDEHAUSEN (München) : <strong><em>"From legitimation to emanzipation: the female regents of the House of Savoy in Turin" </em></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Claude MIGNOT (Université de Paris 4) : <strong><em>Anne d’Autriche et l''abbaye royale </em></strong><strong>du Val-de-Grâce </strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Christoph FROMMEL (Bibluitheca Hertziana) : <em><strong>The complementary architectural works of Isabelle d’Este and François Gonzague</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Thierry VERDIER (Université de Montpellier) : <em><strong>Donna Olympia Maldachini, femme mécène au service d''Innocent X.</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Gianmario ANSELMI/Loredana CHINES (Università di Bologna) : <strong><em>Dona Gracia Mendes entre Bologne et Istanbul</em></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Clizia GURRERI (università di Bologna)  :<strong><em> Le jeu des dames </em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><strong>la présence féminine dans la culture académique bolognaise des XVIe et XVIIe siècles</strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n<li><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">Dmitry Shvidkovsky (Moscow Institute for Architecture) : <em><strong>Catherine the Great of Russia and her son Paul I: the "Battle of Palaces"</strong></em></span></span></span></li>\r\n<em><strong><br /> \r\n', '\r\n<br /></strong></em> \r\n</ul>\r\n<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></p>\r\n<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;">Résumés des interventions : </span></span> \r\n<ul>\r\n<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13px; color: #888888;"><strong>Mercedes Gómez-Ferrer</strong> (Université de Valence, Espagne) : <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Les fonctions des palais à la cour d’Espagne: le cas du palais Royal de Valencia </span></strong></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13px; color: #888888;">L’objectif de cette intervention est d’analyser le Palais Royal de Valencia (Espagne) au XV-XVIème siècle, comme modèle d’utilisation des espaces par les femmes de la cour, en Espagne. If fut en effet habité par la reine Maria de Castilla (entre 1415-1458), femme du roi Alphonse le Magnanime, puis par Germana de Foix (entre 1526-1538) et Mencia de Mendoza (entre 1540-1554). Le plus remarquable, dans l’utilisation du palais par ces trois femmes, réside dans la différentiation entre le palais du roi et celui de la reine, deux espaces situés dans le même bâtiment mais clairement séparés.  Ainsi, le palais des femmes avait une distribution des chambres bien marquée, autour d’une cour privée. Ce modèle est le même que d’autres palais espagnols, mais la particularité de ce cas est que, bien que le bâtiment fut démoli au XIXème siècle, nous en avons conservé une documentation écrite. </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style="text-align: justify; color: #888888; font-size: 13px;"><strong>Stephan Knost</strong> (Orient Institute, Beirut) : <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Women and waqf in Ottoman Aleppo (18th century). </span></strong></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #808080;">Islamic religious endowments (waqf, pl. awqaf) play an essential role in the society of Ottoman cities. As a very flexible legal tool, these institutions catered for many tasks, like social, religious and communal purposes, but also for the support of one’s family. Women were widely involved in the foundation and administration of these endowments, as is confirmed in a number of studies. This paper will investigate into the particular patterns of female architectural patronage and philanthropic commitment in Aleppo, based on a sample of documents providing from the Sharia Court Records of that city. Our cases do not only concern women from a notable background, but give a voice to women from a broad section of society. </span></span></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="font-size: 13px; color: #888888;"><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Al</strong></span><strong>berto F. Ambrosio</strong> (IFEA, Dosti) : <span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>L’origine féminine des espaces soufis d’Istanbul</strong></span> </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span style="font-size: 13px; color: #888888;">\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">Cette recherche vise à créer un premier recensement de l’activité des femmes dans l’histoire des lieux soufis existants à Istanbul et, précisément, de l’intervention des femmes dans la construction des tekkes, zâviyes appartenant aux différentes confréries (tarikat) au cours des siècles. Une analyse quantitative par siècle et par situation sociale des femmes qui sont à l’origine de la fondation du lieu soufi, est indispensable pour comprendre – si effectivement il y a eu - leur rôle dans la décision de construire un tekke ou de fournir  les moyens financiers pour pourvoir aux dépenses. Les femmes ne sont pas seulement à l’origine des tekkes, mais aussi des mosquées. L’autre volet de cette enquête, en un deuxième temps, consistera à recenser l’aspect quantitatif de l’intervention féminine dans la fondation des mosquées. A partir de ces résultats, une analyse comparative permettra d’évaluer le véritable rôle féminin dans la politique urbaine. Enfin, un troisième aspect à approfondir est le rôle des femmes au cours de l’histoire des différents bâtiments soufis, en particulier dans le soutien financier ou dans la restauration. Cette recherche permet d’analyser le rôle des femmes dans le soufisme, vu par un angle autre que celui de la participation active aux pratiques et aux débats doctrinaux au sein des confréries. Il s’agirait donc d’un rôle plus politique mais néanmoins très efficace dans l’histoire soufie d’Istanbul.</div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Dmitry Shvidkovsky </strong>(Moscow Institute for Architecture) : <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Catherine the Great of Russia and her son Paul I: the "Battle of Palaces" </span></strong></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">In the history of the Russian architecture of the time of the Enlightenment, the compeating commitions of the Empress Catherine the Great and her heir Paul I form the most striking and important episodes. The ideas expressed in the architecture of several enormous palaces built and soon demolished express the complicated dynastic relations between august mother and son as well as the changes in ideology of the Russian Empire and the architectural tastes of the Russian court at the end of the XVIIIth century. The best architects of the time - Vasily Bagenov, Charles Cameron, Giacomo Quarenghi, Vincenzo Brenna - were involved in the competition for the architectural expression of power between the Empress and her heir.</div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Christoph FROMMEL</strong> (Bibluitheca Hertziana) : <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">The complementary architectural works of Isabella d''Este and Francesco Gonzaga</span></strong></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">Isabella d’Este (1474-1539) was the most outstanding personality of the female patrons of the Italian Renaissance. Her humanistic education at the refined Ferrarese court was not inferior to that of male princes and when she had married in 1490 Francesco Gonzaga, nephew of the great margrave Lodovico and son of the highly cultured Federico, she entered a court which played a major role in the evolution of the Renaissance. Her young husband who 1484 followed his father,  was the nephew and son of German princesses and more interested in hunting and military exercise than in the arts. But he finished Albertis Sant’Andrea, continued  San Sebastiano and admired  Mantegna. He was successful as politician and condottiere and preserved his country from being annexed by foreign powers. He commissioned Mantegna with the  Triumphs of Julius Cesar and the Madonna della Vittoria which corresponded to his martial passions  and built opposite of San Sebastiano a new palace with a long gallery which was to house the Trionfi and where he died. After 1500 his relation with Isabella worsened. He was infected by syphilis, retired after 1510 from public life and left politics to her. Until then they had lived in the main floor of the Castel di San Giorgio where Isabella installed her private apartment with studiolo, camerini and grotta and indefatigably enriched it with paintings, statues and other works of art. Mantegna’s Parnassus of about 1495 reflects her dreams of harmony and beauty, but when about five years later Mantegna painted the Virtues and Vices, the subject had already changed and the battle of virtues and vices will remain the subject of some of her future paintings. After Francesco’s death she moved to the more spacious Corte Vecchia where she installed, probably already with Giulio Romano’s help, a much more modern and generous apartment. But her painter Leonbruno who worked probably also as her architect, could not compete with Mantegna and the former artists of the Gonzaga. Though she asked pictures from Perugino and Giovanni Bellini her much simpler but straightforward husband at the end was the more successful patron of arts. When their son Federico in 1523 had reached majority she lost her influence on Mantuan politics and artistic life.</div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Sabine FROMMEL</strong> (EPHE, Sorbonne) : <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Deux couples, deux stratégies : Catherine de Médicis et Henri II ; Marguerite d’Autriche et Ottavio Farnèse</span></strong></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">Le mécénat architectural de Catherine de Médicis et celui de Marguerite d’Autriche occupèrent une place de premier rang dans la seconde moitié du 16e siècle. Alors même que leurs époux respectifs, Henri II et Ottavio Farnèse, ne figuraient pas comme des pionniers dans ce domaine, les deux princesses instaurèrent des résidences qui, par leurs échelles, leurs organisations et leurs iconographies triomphales, tranchaient avec les modèles précédents. Des documents prouvent qu’elles disposaient des compétences nécessaires pour proposer des idées et transmettre des directives précises aux architectes, tant sur le plan fonctionnel que sur celui esthétique, et même d’intervenir sur le chantier. Elles utilisèrent l’architecture comme instrument pour rendre visible leur pouvoir, et la fougue avec laquelle elles entreprirent leurs projets s’explique aussi bien par la fragilité de leur statut et par le poids des menaces extérieures. Les monuments avaient pour but d''afficher leurs revendications politiques - l’image « impériale » dans le cas de Marguerite et celle d’un état intact dans le cas de Catherine. Ainsi il n’est pas étonnant que la résidence gigantesque à Plaisance n’ait presque jamais été habitée par la duchesse et que les Tuileries aient été abandonnés dans un état encore inachevé. L''objectif de cette communication est de s’interroger sur la moyens d''expression de ces deux bâtisseuses, à travers les formules architecturales, l’apport qu’elles ont donné à l’évolution des langages architecturaux et leurs initiatives personnelles, qui s’écartent de l''exemple de leurs maris. On cherchera à comprendre s’il existait une psychologie féminine ou masculine dans le domaine architectural et d''en saisir les traits particuliers.</div>\r\n</span>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Juliette Dumas </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">(EHESS / IFEA) : <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Conscience familiale et dynastique dans le patronage architectural des princesses ottomanes à l''époque classique</span></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;">Le patronage architectural des femmes royales ottomanes est un patronage complexe et varié, parfois grandiose, souvent de taille modeste. Il est le fruit de la convergence d’enjeux politiques, économiques et sociaux, et d’intérêts individuels, familiaux, dynastiques. Les patronnes d’architecture que nous allons étudier dans le cadre de cette présentation bénéficiaient d’un statut particulier au sein de la société ottomane : celui d’être « sultane » - princesses filles des sultans ottomans. De fait, des princesses comme Mihrimah Sultane ou Ismihan Sultane ou les deux Şah Sultane du 16e siècle ont largement  marqué le visage urbain d’Istanbul ; d’autres ont également entrepris des fondations pieuses, des vakf, moins connus mais tout aussi intéressants pour l’historien. L’étude du patronage architectural de ces princesses peut être menée sur divers aspects : nous en avons privilégié un en particulier, celui du rapport de ces femmes à leur famille tel qu’il s’exprime à travers leurs fondations. A travers l’architecture et les fondations pieuses de ces princesses, nous allons tenter de comprendre quels étaient leurs liens avec leur famille, comment elles utilisaient ces liens en fonction des nécessités ou des enjeux, et dans quelle mesure la famille en tirait profit.</span></span></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: justify;">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="font-size: 13px; color: #888888;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Olivier Bouquet </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">(Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis) : </span><span style="color: #ff6600;"><strong>La place des femmes dans l''administration des fondations pieuses et la conscience dynastique des grandes familles des grandes familles ottomanes (XVIIIe - XXe siècle) : le cas des Halil Hamid Paşa-zâde</strong><strong> </strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Le rôle des femmes dans la constitution des fondations pieuses a été souligné par plusieurs études ces dernières années, notamment pour l’Égypte du XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle. Ont été mis à jour aussi bien le poids considérable des <em>vakf </em>dans l’économie urbaine que leur importance stratégique comme lieu de transmission des fortunes par le biais d’alliances matrimoniales. On sait également qu’un grand nombre de hauts dignitaires impériaux se souciaient de faire la part belle aux membres féminins de la lignée, dans les textes (<em>vakıfname</em>) et avenants (<em>zeyl</em>) qui fixaient les statuts de leur fondation pieuse. Non seulement le droit l’autorisait, mais le sentiment de la famille les y portait. Dans bien des cas, les vizirs faisaient bénéficier leur mère ou leurs sœurs, de leur vivant, des bénéfices du <em>vakf</em>, mais ils prévoyaient aussi pour elles des prières <em>post-mortem </em>quotidiennes, réservaient le plus beau marbre pour leurs stèles funéraires, et les meilleures places auprès du fondateur, dans les cimetières de famille. Mais les femmes des grandes familles n’étaient pas seulement l’objet des plus touchantes attentions de la part de leurs parents parvenus au sommet du pouvoir ; on leur reconnaissait un rôle actif dans la conservation et la transmission des biens du <em>vakf</em>. Ainsi Halil Hamid Pacha, grand vizir en exercice entre 1782 et 1785, avait tenu à ce que son épouse Ayşe lui succédât comme administratrice (<em>mütevelli</em>) du <em>vakf</em>. Et elle eu fort à faire à cette fonction, car si une partie de la fortune de son mari fut confisquée après son exécution en vertu d’une pratique sultanienne courante (<em>müsadere</em>), les biens restés sous la dépendance du <em>vakf </em>étaient considérables par leur nombre, leur diversité (bibliothèques, mosquées, fontaines…) et leur implantation géographique (à Istanbul bien sûr, mais dans la ville du fondateur, Isparta, ou ailleurs dans les possessions balkaniques ou anatoliennes). Au-delà, les statuts du <em>vakıfname</em> disposaient que  ce serait à l’aîné de la plus ancienne génération, fut-elle une femme, que reviendrait la fonction d’administrateur, et le bénéfice non négligeable du tiers des revenus. Cette règle de succession n’avait rien d’exceptionnel. On la trouvait régulièrement inscrite dans les <em>vakıfname</em>, mais aussi dans les statuts les plus nobles qui pouvaient faire passer la prise en compte du degré de parenté avant celle du sexe – ainsi ceux de la maison impériale au XX<sup>e</sup> siècle. De même qu’une fille de prince (ş<em>ehzade</em>), c’est-à-dire une <em>hanimsultan</em>, pouvait encore jouir d’un titre (on la disait <em>mensup</em>), une fille de descendant mâle de Halil Hamid Pacha pouvait devenir administratrice ; en revanche, de même qu’un fils de <em>hanimsultan</em> perdait sa qualité d’apparenté (<em>mensup</em>), un fils de femme de la famille ne pouvait être <em>mütevelli</em>. C’est la raison pour laquelle les femmes figurèrent dans les arbres généalogiques de la famille constitués afin d’organiser la succession. C’est la raison pour laquelle, une partie des administrateurs de la fondation furent, deux siècles durant, à la fois des administratrices des biens conservés et des doyennes en charge du prestige de la lignée et de l’entretien des solidarités familiales.</span></span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span><strong>Emine Atalay Seçen</strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> (Peyzaj Mimarı ; TBMM Milli Saraylar Daire Başkanlığı) et </span><strong>Elmas Erdogan</strong><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> (Ankara Üniversitesi ; peyzaj mimarlığı anabilimdalı) : </span><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Osmanlı Saraylarında Harem ve Dış Mekân Kurgusu</span></strong></span></span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Osmanlı saraylarında padişahın özel yaşamıyla ilgili mekânların adını kapsayan Harem-i Hümayûn, Topkapı Sarayı özelinde sarayın içoğlanları sistemi (Enderun) ile bir bütün oluşturmuştur. 16.yüzyılın sonlarında gelişimini ve teşkilat yapısını tamamlayan harem, 17.yüzyılda sancaklara gönderilmeyen şehzadeler için ilave edilen şehzadeler dairesi ile zaman içinde genişlemiştir. Başlangıçta bu kadar büyüyeceği tahmin edilmeyen harem, bulunduğu arsanın dayattığı kısıtlamalar sonucunda yüksek duvarlar ile çevrili mekânlar dizisi biçiminde düzenlenmiştir. Haremin sıkışık mekânlarında yaşayan kadınların sarayın bahçelerinde serbest bir şekilde eğlenmelerine olanak tanıyan ve “Halvet” adı verilen gezintiler ile bahar ve yaz aylarında saray dışındaki gezi yerlerine gruplar halinde yaptıkları “Beylik Gezi” adı verilen gezintiler haremin kısıtlayıcı mekânlarından ve dayattığı sıkı disiplinden bir kaçış noktası olmuştur.</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">19.yüzyılın başında tahta geçen Sultan II. Mahmud’un uyguladığı radikal kararlar, saray yaşamında da değişimlere neden olmuştur.  Bu değişimler ilk olarak, halefi tarafından yaptırılan ve Tanzimat Dönemi sarayı olan Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda Osmanlı-Batı kültürünün sentezi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Enderun halkının eski özelliğini kaybetmesi, şehzadelere göreceli özgürlüklerin tanınması yeni sarayın mekânsal örgütlenmesinde değişimlere neden olmakla beraber, Topkapı Sarayı’nın plan şeması ve bazı fonksiyonları biçim değiştirerek tekrarlanmıştır.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13px; color: #808080;">Bu araştırmada, Osmanlı saraylarında Harem-i Hümayun’un mekânsal örgütlenişi ve dış mekân kurguları irdelenmiş ve 19. yüzyıl saraylarında geçirdiği değişimler ve özellikleri vurgulanmıştır.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Claude Mignot </strong>(Université de Paris-Sorbonne) : <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Anne d’Autriche et l’abbaye royale du Val-de-grâce, entre piété et magnificence</span></strong></span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #808080;">L’abbaye royale du Val-de grâce dans le faubourg Saint-Jacques de Paris illustre le double caractère du mécénat architectural d’Anne d’Autriche, la jeune épouse espagnole du roi Louis XIII : modeste couvent,  qui reste vingt ans à demi-bâti, où la jeune reine dévote, isolée dans une cour hostile, aime venir se réfugier, entourée de la sympathie de quelques jeunes religieuses, pour prier Dieu de lui donner un fils ; puis splendide ex-voto, où s’affirme la gloire de la reine régente qu’elle devient en 1643, avec la construction d’une nouvelle chapelle, sur les dessins de François Mansart, qu’elle songe un instant lier à un nouveau palais, sans égards pour les vœux de pauvreté et d’humilité de cette communauté bénédictine réformée, qui s’est consacrée au mystère de la humble naissance de Jésus Christ dans la crèche.</span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-10-25 10:51:58', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-16 08:31:27', 600, '2010-10-25 10:51:58', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 382, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', 'études d''histoire, IFEA, séminaires', ''),
(984, 'Mémoires et mobilités urbaines', 'séminaire-détudes-urbaines', 202, 1, '<span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="note"><div class="typo-icon"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Organisateurs : Cilia Martin et Brian Chauvel</span></div></div>.</span></span><br>\r\n\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dans le cadre du <b>cycle 2010-2011 </b>des séminaires de l’Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes, nous proposons un <b>séminaire urbain interdisciplinaire </b>prenant  pour toile de fond la ville d’Istanbul. Au fil d’un rendez-vous  mensuel, le regard croisé de nos invités facilitera la comparaison entre  différents terrains perçus comme autant de lieux de <b>mémoire</b> et de <b>mobilité</b> et nous accompagnera dans un tour d''horizon des travaux contemporains  qui éclairera aussi les intersections entre les questions mémorielles et  les dynamiques urbaines.</span></p>', '<p><br></p><div style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Ce séminaire croisera ainsi deux approches, deux lectures complémentaires de la ville afin de comprendre <b>dans quelle mesure les questions mémorielles dévoilent les mobilités</b> qui tissent l’espace stambouliote et inversement <b>comment la lecture des mobilités nous conduisent à réinterroger les stratégies mémorielles</b>. D’une part, nous interrogerons la place grandissante des <b>questions mémorielles dans l’espace public turc</b>. La multiplication des travaux scientifiques et des œuvres littéraires contemporaines qui mettent en lumière les mémoires collectives semble en effet constituer un nouveau champ à travers lequel l’espace urbain est réinterprété depuis un<b> point de vue micro, élaboré à l’échelle des quartiers</b>, accordant dès lors une place plus importante aux subjectivités. Seront, alors, privilégiées les études locales qui montrent comment les habitants intériorisent et projettent les dynamiques globales auxquelles ils participent et sont confrontés dans leur espace quotidien. Les sujets qui touchent à l’identité, qui font appel à l’<b>histoire orale</b>, à la mémoire et aux mémoires tiendront donc une place importante dans le sens où ils remettent aussi en question la <b>construction nationale de l’identité et de l’espace</b> en insistant, notamment, sur des quartiers minoritaires qui véhiculent un imaginaire puissant. Cette mise en visibilité d’un <b>imaginaire minoritaire</b>, relayée par des logiques de promotion culturelle et de <b>mise en scène du cosmopolitisme </b>ne détournera, toutefois, pas notre attention sur des sujets occultés tels que les mémoires des travailleurs migrants. D’autre part, les analyses des <b>mobilités urbaines</b> en rendant compte des <b>flux de population</b> (entrées et sorties, internes et externes, volontaires ou forcées), de leur installation et de leur <b>mode d’habiter</b>, des <b>trajectoires résidentielles</b>, des <b>itinéraires journaliers</b> (trajets résidence-lieu de travail), des formes de <b>réappropriation de l’espace </b>(patrimonialisation, gentrification), réinterrogent aussi les pratiques mémorielles. Les mobilités nourrissent, alors, de <b>nouveaux processus de territorialisation</b> à l’échelle non plus du quartier mais de la <b>rue</b>, de l’<b>îlot</b> ou de l’<b>immeuble</b> qui morcellent l’espace préexistant et fondent de nouvelles centralités.</span><br><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Ce séminaire accordera donc une attention particulière aux <b>aspects méthodologiques</b> des recherches présentées et aux diverses façons de lire et d’interpréter les <b>usages de l’espace stambouliote</b>.<span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br><br>Mois d''Octobre</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"> / ''''Mapping the registers and the  Annuaires orientaux&nbsp;: throughout the exhibition <b>Istanbul 1910-</b><b>2010</b>’''.</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"> <br>Venez écouter </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Murat  Güvenç</b>, jeudi 28 octobre, à 18h, à l’IFEA ‘. Cartographe et urbaniste, professeur à l''Université Şehir, </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">il  nous présentera, en anglais, le travail de cartographie, réalisé à  partir de données quantitatives massives, qui fait l’objet de  l’exposition <b>‘Istanbul 1910-</b><b>2010’</b> qui se déroule jusqu’au mois de novembre 2010 au Musée d’Art Moderne à Santral Bilgi.</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br><br>Mois de Novembre</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">  / ''''Intra-Metropolitan mobility patterns in Istanbul''''</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>Venez écouter, </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Bürge Elvan Erginli</b>, </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Jeudi 11 novembre à 18h à l''IFEA, qui nous présentera son travail sur les migrations internes à l''échelle métropolitaine stambouliote.</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br><br>Mois de Décembre / </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">"Reconsidering Alexandrian cosmopolitanism : New temporalities and qualitative social science&nbsp;perspectives"<br>L''Equipe de l''<b>IREMAM</b> (Aix en Provence) et des<b> Etudes Alexandrines</b> (IFAO - Caire) viendra nous présenter sa recherche sur la déconstruction des lieux et mots du cosmopolitisme.<br>Lundi 20 décembre, à 18h, à l''IFEA. </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Mois de Janvier / </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">"</span></span>Reflexion sur le mahalle d''hier et d''aujourd''hui<span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">" (Titre à confirmer)<br>Avec <b>Işık Tamdoğan</b> (ottomaniste - CNRS/IFEA) et <b>Noémi Lévy </b>(Boğaziçi).<br>Mercredi 19 janvier, à 18h, à l''IFEA.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Mois de Février / '''' Mémoires urbaines du coup d''Etat de 1980 ''''</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">. (titre à confirmer)<br>Avec l''équipe de recherche de&nbsp;<b>Derya Fırat</b> (Mimar Sinan).<br>Mercredi 16 février, à 18h, à l''IFEA.</span></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Mois de Mars / présentation de ses travaux sur les </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">recompositions du monde artisanal et les mutations urbaines au regard des mises en patrimoine et en tourisme. Le cas d''Istanbul.<br>Avec&nbsp;<b>Muriel Girard</b> (EHESS/CETOBAC).<br>Mercredi 16 mars, à 18h, à l''IFEA.</span></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Mois d''Avril / présentation de ses travaux sur le mythe du patrimoine minoritaire</span></span><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">.<br>Avec&nbsp;<b>Ayşegül Cankat </b>(Ecole Nationale Supérieure d''Architecture de Grenoble).<br>Mercredi 20 avril, à 18h, à l''IFEA</span></span></span></span></span></p>', NULL, NULL, '[]', '', '2010-09-22 08:38:54', 298, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-08-05 13:30:31', 600, '2010-09-22 08:38:54', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 10, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Cilia Martin', 'OUI, Istanbul, séminaires, IFEA', '');
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(1243, 'Groupe d''écriture et de lecture en anthropologie', 'groupe-décriture-et-de-lecture-en-anthropologie', 202, 1, '<div class="note"><div class="typo-icon"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;">Organisateur : Benoît Fliche</span><br></span></div></div>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Ce groupe s’est donné une double vocation&nbsp;: la première est de partager expérience de terrain et d’écriture en un atelier ouvert à tous. Les séances ont lieu une fois par mois. Les langues de travail peuvent être le français, le turc ou l’anglais, selon le choix de l’intervenant. L’idée n’est pas de présenter des travaux finalisés mais plutôt des «&nbsp;brouillons&nbsp;» de recherche qui peuvent être soumis à la réflexion du groupe.</span></span></p><p><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">\r\n</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-size: small;" style="font-size: small;">Le second objectif  est d’organiser des conférences pour faire connaitre l’anthropologie de la Turquie à un public plus large que le seul monde universitaire. Lorsque cela est possible, ces conférences mensuelles s’adossent à un film documentaire. Elles peuvent se dérouler en français, turc ou anglais</span>.</span></p>', '<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Les premières conférences&nbsp;:</span>\r\n</p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span><p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">18 janvier, <b><i>Umutta biterse</i></b> Présentation&nbsp;: <b>Nükhet Sirman</b> (Prof. Université du Bosphore)&nbsp;(sur les «&nbsp;suicides&nbsp;» et les meurtres de femmes à Diyarbakır)</span></p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">\r\n</span><p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">17 février, <b><i>The Lion and the Gazelle</i></b>, <b>Fabio Salomoni</b> (lect. Université de Koç) (sur les alévis).</span></p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">\r\n</span><p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">14 mars, “We, Others and Othering in Turkey: Empirical Findings Based on an Opinion Poll”, <b>Hakan Yılmaz</b> (prof. Université du Bosphore).</span></p>', NULL, NULL, '[]', '', '2011-08-05 13:30:35', 600, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-09-26 12:46:46', 600, '2011-08-05 13:30:35', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 7, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(763, 'GALERIE D''IMAGE : LES FEMMES DANS L''EMPIRE OTTOMAN', 'galerie-dimage--les-femmes-dans-lempire-ottoman', 58, 1, '<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #ff6600;">IMAGES RECENTES : L''HEURE DU CAFE<br /></span></strong></span></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<br />\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="le_plaisir_du_caf1" src="images/stories/histoire/images/le_plaisir_du_caf1.jpg" height="574" width="517" /></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #888888;">Le plaisir du café</span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #888888;"> </span></span></p>\r\n', '\r\n<div style="text-align: center;">\r\n<table border="0">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><img alt="femmes_buvant_le_caf" src="images/stories/histoire/images/femmes_buvant_le_caf.jpg" height="350" width="520" /></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><br /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #888888;">Femmes buvant le café</span></span></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><br /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</div>\r\n<br />\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;">\r\n<hr alt="miniatures" class="system-pagebreak" />\r\n<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></strong></span></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">DANS LES MINIATURES</span></span></strong></span></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"></div>\r\n<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></strong></span></div>\r\n<table style="width: 731px; height: 602px;" border="0" cellspacing="25">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="dame_palais" src="images/stories/histoire/images/dame_palais.jpg" height="485" width="250" /></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="femme_persane_dansant" src="images/stories/histoire/images/femme_persane_dansant.jpg" height="485" width="232" /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;" valign="middle">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #888888;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dame du palais</span></span></span></span></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Femme persane en train de danser</span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table style="width: 730px; height: 611px;" border="0" cellspacing="25">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><img style="vertical-align: middle;" alt="jeune_fille_du_palais" src="images/stories/histoire/images/jeune_fille_du_palais.jpg" height="485" width="261" /></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="funambules_et_danseuses1" src="images/stories/histoire/images/funambules_et_danseuses1.jpg" height="450" width="276" /></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Jeune fille du palais</span></span></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #888888;">Funambules et danseuses</span></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table style="width: 729px; height: 567px;" border="0" cellspacing="25">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="femmes_dansant_et_jongleurs" src="images/stories/histoire/images/femmes_dansant_et_jongleurs.jpg" height="450" width="270" /></span></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="danseuses1" src="images/stories/histoire/images/danseuses1.jpg" height="450" width="258" /></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #888888;">F</span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="color: #888888;">e</span>mmes en train  de danser et jongleurs</span></span></span></td>\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #888888;">Danseuses</span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<hr class="system-pagebreak" title="orientalistes" />\r\n<br />\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #ff6600;">CHEZ LES ORIENTALISTES</span></strong></p>\r\n<table style="text-align: left; width: 645px; height: 466px;" border="0" cellspacing="25">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="deux_sultanes_tissant_un_tapis_Van_Loo" src="images/stories/histoire/images/deux_sultanes_tissant_un_tapis_Van_Loo.jpg" height="350" width="374" /></p>\r\n<br /></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;">Deux "sultanes" occupées à tisser un tapis, par Van Loo</span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<table style="width: 645px; height: 451px;" border="0" cellspacing="25">\r\n<tbody style="text-align: left;">\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;">\r\n<p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="eunuques_noirs_et_blancs_au_service_de_la_sultane_Van_Loo" src="images/stories/histoire/images/eunuques_noirs_et_blancs_au_service_de_la_sultane_Van_Loo.jpg" height="350" width="499" /></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr style="text-align: left;">\r\n<td style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #999999;">Eunuques  noirs et blancs faisant le service de la sultane, par Van Loo</span></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-06-08 20:02:53', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-16 08:18:19', 600, '2010-06-08 20:02:53', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 921, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', 'femmes, miniatures, empire ottoman, palais, danseuse, vêtements, persan, nakkas-name, levni, women, miniature, ottoman empire, palace, dancing, clothes, persiankadin, elbise, saray, iran, dans, minyatür', ''),
(770, 'Lettre d''information du pôle histoire', 'juin-2010', 59, 1, '<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Le groupe "histoire" de l''IFEA a décidé de se doter d''un organe d''information : </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>à compter de septembre 2010, une "lettre d''info" mensuelle sera diffusée informatiquement</b>. </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Elle aura pour but de tenir <b>informer des activités mensuelles proposées dans le cadre des groupe "histoire" de l''IFEA</b> : séminaires, colloques, conférences, réunions de travail, etc. </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Un point sur les publications récentes</b> des membres permanents et associés du groupe sera également proposé. </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Mais la "lettre d''info du Groupe Histoire à l''IFEA" n''aura pas pour seul but d''informer des activités réalisées par les membres de ce groupe au sein de l''IFEA : elle se veut instructive. </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Deux rubriques seront ainsi alimentées régulièrement : </span></span></span></p>\r\n<ol><li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>une rubrique "source historique"</b> sera proposée, avec la présentation et l''explication d''une source historique relative à l''une des interventions dans le cadre des divers séminaires proposés par l''IFEA. </span></span></span></li><li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>une rubrique "image" </b>sera également insérée : chaque mois, une image nouvelle avec une courte explication sera présentée aux lecteurs. </span></span></span></li></ol>\r\n\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">D''autres rubriques pourront également apparaître, de façon irrégulière : </span></span></span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">compte-rendus de conférence</span></span></span></li><li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">présentation de livres</span></span></span></li><li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">l''histoire dans les médias</span></span></span></li><li><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">ou autres informations ponctuelles qui auraient attiré l''attention des membres du groupe </span></span></span></li></ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, '[]', '', '2010-06-10 12:45:00', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-09-28 12:24:03', 600, '2010-06-10 12:45:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 169, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=IFEA', 'IFEA, histoire, lettre d''information', ''),
(938, '1 (OCTOBRE 2010) / (EKIM 2010)', '1-octobre-2010-/-ekim-2010', 59, 0, '<p><a title="Lettre octobre 2010" href="images/stories/lettre_dinformation_1_oct._2010.pdf">Lettre d''info du mois d''octobre</a></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-11-03 23:57:24', 82, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2010-12-16 08:18:40', 600, '2010-11-03 23:57:24', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 109, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=Juliette Dumas', '', ''),
(30, 'Présentation', 'odc-présentation', 61, 1, '<h1><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Statut et historique</span></span></span></h1>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Créée en septembre 2002 sur initiative du MAE et dans le cadre d’une coopération entre l’IFEA et l’Ambassade de France en Azerbaïdjan, l’antenne de Bakou est entrée en activité en novembre 2003 quand son responsable (B. Balcı) s’est installé à Bakou pour procurer à l’IFEA une vision plus rapprochée du Caucase. En quatre ans, l’antenne de Bakou est devenue une véritable structure de recherche et un centre de promotion des contacts en sciences sociales et humaines entre la France et l’Azerbaïdjan. La Géorgie est en cours d’incorporation à ce réseau, de même que l’Arménie. L’antenne&nbsp; de Bakou a une vocation régionale couvrant, entre Caspienne et mer Noire, le Caucase du Nord et le Caucase du Sud, ainsi que le nord de l’Iran.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<h1><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Axes et champs de recherche</span></span></span></h1>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">L’antenne de Bakou mène des recherches en partenariat selon deux axes principaux&nbsp;: le renouveau religieux, notamment islamique, dans le Caucase&nbsp;post-soviétique&nbsp;; et les diasporas et migrations, les mouvements de population, tant intra-caucasiens qu’entre le Caucase et la Russie ou la Turquie. Un nouveau programme, lancé en 2006, concerne “la formation de l’Etat post-communiste dans le Caucase : conflits armés, sécessions et questions de souveraineté” (voir sa description dans la rubrique “Recherche”).</span></span></span></p>\r\n<h2><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Dispositif, moyens de recherche et valorisation</span></span></span></h2>\r\n<p style="text-align: justify;" mce_style="text-align: justify;"><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">L’antenne dispose d’un budget que lui attribue le Ministère des Affaires étrangères via l’IFEA. Les études caucasiennes disposent de deux bibliothèques, une principale à Istanbul et une plus récente dans le bureau de Bakou. L’antenne de Bakou est également un lieu d’accueil et d’encadrement de jeunes chercheurs de différentes nationalités. Les connaissances accumulées par le Centre sont valorisées sous diverses formes&nbsp;: publications&nbsp;en revue&nbsp;; séminaires&nbsp;et conférences. Le Centre tisse des liens entre l''Europe et le Caucase, au niveau des institutions comme à celui des individus.</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Contact:</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">Thorniké Gordadzé</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">gordadze@ifea-istanbul.net</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><span mce_style="color: #000000;" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span mce_style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span mce_style="font-size: 10pt;" style="font-size: 10pt;">thornike.gordadze@sciences-po.org</span></span><br>&nbsp;</span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, '[]', '', '2010-03-06 14:13:24', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2011-08-09 10:42:48', 600, '2010-03-06 14:13:24', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 3598, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=0\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=0\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=0\nitemRating=0\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=0\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=0\nitemComments=0\nitemAuthorBlock=0\nitemAuthorImage=0\nitemAuthorDescription=0\nitemAuthorURL=0\nitemAuthorEmail=0\nitemAuthorLatest=0\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(143, 'Türkiye - Gürcistan iliskileri Çalistay Raporu', 'türkiye-gürcistan-iliskileri-çalistay-raporu', 62, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%"><span style="color: #ff6600;">Türkiye - Gürcistan iliskileri Çalistay Raporu</span></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1482" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1482'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Convertir en PDF"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/pdf_button.png" alt="Convertir en PDF" name="Convertir en PDF" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1482&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=945" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1482&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=945'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Version imprimable"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/printButton.png" alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<div align="left"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><br /> </strong>Zengin enerji kaynakları, önemli ticaret yolları üzerindeki  konumu ve çoklu etnik yapısı ile Kafkasya, Soğuk Savaşın sona ermesinin  ardından hem kendi içinde hem de global rekabette bir çatışma alanı  haline gelmiş durumdadır. Bölge, sunduğu pek çok fırsata karşılık,  barındırdığı karmaşık sorunlar nedeniyle güvenlik zafiyeti içindedir.  Buradaki ülkelerin dâhil olduğu çatışmalar, belli bir coğrafyada kapalı  kalmamakta ve çevre ülkelerdeki istikrar ve güvenliği de tehdit  etmektedir. Rusya ile ABD’yi Soğuk Savaş sonrasında ilk kez karşı  karşıya getiren, Ağustos 2008’de patlak veren Rus-Gürcü savaşı bu  durumun en iyi göstergelerinden biridir.<br /> <br /> Kafkasya’daki pek çok ülke ile güçlü ticari ve kültürel bağları bulunan  Türkiye’nin yakın coğrafyasında yaşanan bu gelişmelere seyirci kalması  beklenemez. Nitekim gerek Rus-Gürcü savaşında izlediği politika ile  gerekse daha sonra gerçekleştirdiği Kafkasya İstikrar ve İşbirliği  Platformu girişimi ile Türkiye bölgeye yönelik aktif bir dış politika  izleyeceğini göstermiştir.<br /> <br /> <br /> Pour la suite cliquez sur le lien ci-dessous<br /> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.setav.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=933&amp;Itemid=57"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.setav.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=933&amp;Itemid=57</span></a></div>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:27:21', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:27:21', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(144, 'Les RENDEZ-VOUS de l''IFEA; Conférences/débats:', 'les-rendez-vous-de-lifea-conférences/débats', 62, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%"><br /></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1155" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1155'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Convertir en PDF"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/pdf_button.png" alt="Convertir en PDF" name="Convertir en PDF" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1155&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=945" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1155&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=945'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Version imprimable"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/printButton.png" alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ff6600;">Conférence sur le  thème : Turquie et Russie: Concurrents ou alliés? (Türkiye-Rusya: Rakip  mi, ortak mi?) </span></strong></p>\r\n<span><span></span></span><span><span>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><span>Jeudi  19 février à 18h,</span></strong></span> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>Seyfettin  Gürsel</strong> (Professeur, Directeur du BETAM-Centre de Recherche  Economique et Sociale de l''Université Bahçeşehir)</span> </span></span></p>\r\n</span></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:31:05', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:31:05', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(145, 'Séminaire:Les conséquences du conflit russo-géorgien pour la région du Caucase méridional', 'séminaireles-conséquences-du-conflit-russo-géorgien-pour-la-région-du-caucase-méridional', 62, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%"><span style="color: #ff6600;">Séminaire:Les conséquences du conflit russo-géorgien pour  la région du Caucase méridional</span></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=995" target="_blank" title="Convertir en PDF"> </a></span></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=995&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=945" target="_blank" title="Version imprimable"> </a></span></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Séminaire de recherche </strong><strong>organisé par l''Observatoire du  Caucase de l’IFEA et le Centre Culturel Français de Bakou<br /> </strong></span></p>\r\n<span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Vendredi  14 novembre 2008 à 18h30, au Centre Culturel Français de Bakou</strong></span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:31:41', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:31:41', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(146, 'Lire le conflit russo- géorgien : repenser la politique européenne régionale', 'lire-le-conflit-russo-géorgien--repenser-la-politique-européenne-régionale', 62, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan="2" valign="top">\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Rencontre Caucase organisée par l’Institut  Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes et le Centre franco-russe de recherche en  sciences humaines et sociales à Moscou.</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Mardi 7 octobre 2008 à l''IFEA</strong></span></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:33:31', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:33:31', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 99, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(147, 'Interview avec Thorniké Gordazé dans Libération du 18 octobre 2008', 'interview-avec-thorniké-gordazé-dans-libération-du-18-octobre-2008', 62, 1, '<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;"><strong>«Les Russes n’ont pas réussi à avoir le soutien de leurs  alliés»</strong></span>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #808080; font-family: Arial;">Thorniké Gordadze, chercheur, revient sur le conflit en Géorgie.</span></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #808080; font-family: Arial;">Recueilli par Hélène DESPIC-POPOVIC et Marc SEMO</span></strong></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:43:33', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:43:33', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(148, 'Reportage avec Peter SEMNEBY', 'reportage-avec-peter-semneby', 62, 1, '<strong><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #ff6600;">Dans le cadre du</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #808080;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #ff6600;">Colloque "Lire le Conflit Russo-Géorgien"</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #808080;"><br /> <strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Mardi7 octobre 2008 à l''IFEA</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #808080; font-family: Arial;"><br /> </span>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:44:20', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:44:20', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', '');
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(149, 'Tuesday, September 29th, Tbilissi, Chavchavadze University ', 'tuesday-september-29th-tbilissi-chavchavadze-university', 63, 1, '<strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">\r\n<p align="left"><span style="color: #ff6600;">Tuesday, September 29th, Tbilissi, Chavchavadze University</span></p>\r\n<p align="left">At 16:00</p>\r\n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">\r\n<p align="left">Speakers:</p>\r\n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;">Mr Gilles Favarel – Garigues</span> </span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(Center for International Studies and  Research (CERI),</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span>\r\n<p align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Paris, France): “Fighting corruption and  money laundering in Russia and Europe. </span></p>\r\n<p align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Sociological analysis” </span></p>\r\n<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Mr Aleko Kupatadze</span> </strong>(Phd  Candidate, Univeristy of St. Andrews, UK): "Coloured</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span>\r\n<p align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Revolutions and Organised Crime : Georgia,  Ukraine, Kyrgizistan" </span></p>\r\n<strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">\r\n<p align="left">Discussant:</p>\r\n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">\r\n<p align="left"><span style="color: #ff6600;">Mr Alexandre Kukhianidze</span> (Tbilisi  Ivane Javakhishvili State University)</p>\r\n</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">\r\n<p align="left">Moderator:</p>\r\n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">\r\n<p align="left"><span style="color: #ff6600;">Mr Thornike Gordadze,</span> (French  Institute of Anatolian Studies, IFEA)</p>\r\n</span></strong>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:52:35', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:52:35', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 2, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(150, 'Conférence internationale "Georges Dumézil et le Caucase"', 'conférence-internationale-georges-dumézil-et-le-caucase', 63, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%">Conference Dumezil</td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1202" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1202'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Convertir en PDF"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/pdf_button.png" alt="Convertir en PDF" name="Convertir en PDF" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1202&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1000" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1202&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1000'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Version imprimable"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/printButton.png" alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ff6600;"><strong>Conférence internationale "Georges Dumézil  et le Caucase"</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><img src="images/stories/caucase/Colloques/conteslazes.jpg" alt="conteslazes" style="margin: 5px; width: 130px; height: 207px; float: left;" title="conteslazes.jpg" width="130" height="207" /></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"><strong>Jeudi 26 mars 2009 à 11h </strong></span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">Organisateurs de la conférence:</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">L''Institut de Linguistique Arnold Chikobava  (Tbilissi)</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">Le Ministère géorgien de la diaspora</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">L''Ambassade de France en Géorgie</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Alexandre  Toumarkine</strong> interviendra sur "<strong>Les <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">travaux</span></strong></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></strong><span style="color: #808080;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">de Dumézil <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">en</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Turquie et leur postérité</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">"</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #ff6600;"><a href="../website/images/stories/caucase/Colloques/programme%2026.03.09.pdf" target="_blank">voir le programme</a></span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:53:51', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:53:51', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 4, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(151, 'Colloque sur La politique de l''Union Européenne vis-à-vis de la Russie après la guerre en Géorgie', 'colloque-sur-la-politique-de-lunion-européenne-vis-à-vis-de-la-russie-après-la-guerre-en-géorgie', 63, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%">Colloque UE Géorgie</td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1201" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1201'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Convertir en PDF"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/pdf_button.png" alt="Convertir en PDF" name="Convertir en PDF" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1201&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1000" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1201&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1000'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Version imprimable"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/printButton.png" alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Colloque sur La politique de  l''Union Européenne vis-à-vis de la Russie après la guerre en Géorgie</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;"> </span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Vendredi 20 mars à l''Université  Chavchavadze de Tbilissi</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #808080; font-family: Arial;"> </span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img src="images/stories/caucase/Colloques/logo-conference.jpg" alt="logo-conference" style="margin: 5px; float: left;" title="logos.jpg" width="304" height="121" /> Organisateurs :</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> L''Institut Français d''Etudes  Anatoliennes à Istanbul</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> L''Université Chavchavadze à Tbilissi</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #808080; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> L''Ambassade de France en Géorgie </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>\r\n<p><span style="color: #808080; font-family: Arial;"> <span style="color: #ff6600;"><a target="_blank" href="../website/images/stories/caucase/Colloques/programme%2020.03.09.pdf">voir  le programme</a></span></span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:55:55', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:55:55', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 6, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(152, 'Symposium d''archéologie les 7-9 mai 2009 à Sinope :  Un état de la question après 15 ans de fouilles/ 15 yıllık araştırmanın sonuçları', 'symposium-darchéologie-les-7-9-mai-2009-à-sinope--un-état-de-la-question-après-15-ans-de-fouilles/-15-yıllık-araştırmanın-sonuçları', 63, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%">Symposium Sinope</td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1190" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1190'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Convertir en PDF"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/pdf_button.png" alt="Convertir en PDF" name="Convertir en PDF" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1190&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1000" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1190&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1000'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Version imprimable"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/printButton.png" alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Symposium d''archéologie les 7-9 mai  2009 à Sinope :  Un état de la question après 15 ans de fouilles/ 15  yıllık araştırmanın sonuçları</strong></span></p>\r\n<p><strong><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;"> </span></strong></p>\r\n<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sinope.bilkent.edu.tr/comites.html"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-family: Arial;">Pour voir le  programme</span> </a></p>\r\n<p><img src="images/stories/caucase/Colloques/sinope.jpg" alt="sinope" style="margin: 5px; width: 450px; height: 301px; float: left;" title="sinope.jpg" width="450" height="301" /></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:56:47', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:56:47', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 6, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', ''),
(153, 'Conférence de Seyfettin Gürsel', 'conférence-de-seyfettin-gürsel', 64, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%">Conférence de Seyfettin Gürsel</td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1321" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=1321'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Convertir en PDF"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/pdf_button.png" alt="Convertir en PDF" name="Convertir en PDF" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1321&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1007" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1321&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=1007'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Version imprimable"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/printButton.png" alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<a href="../website/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1188&amp;Itemid=1001" target="_self"><img src="images/stories/multimedia/conferenceenligne/images-gd/seyfettin-gursel.jpg" alt="seyfettin-gursel" style="width: 400px; height: 310px; vertical-align: bottom;" title="seyfettin-gursel.jpg" width="400" height="310" /></a> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #999999;">Video konferans</span> <span style="color: #808080;">:</span>\r\n<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: #808080;">Türkiye-Rusya: Rakıp mi, ortak mı?</span></p>', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 11:57:53', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 11:57:53', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 8, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', '');
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(154, 'L’Empire contre l’Etat-nation. L’Ossétie du Sud au cœur du conflit russo-géorgien (1922-2008)', 'l’empire-contre-l’etat-nation-l’ossétie-du-sud-au-cœur-du-conflit-russo-géorgien-1922-2008', 65, 1, '<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width="100%">L’Empire contre l’Etat-nation. L’Ossétie du Sud  au cœur du  conflit russo-géorgien (1922-2008)</td>\r\n<td width="100%" align="right"><a href="../website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1481&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=937" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(''http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1481&amp;pop=1&amp;page=0&amp;Itemid=937'',''win2'',''status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'');  return false;" title="Version imprimable"> <img src="../website/templates/gk_moxmovies/images/printButton.png" alt="Version imprimable" name="Version imprimable" align="middle" border="0" /></a></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #ff6600; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Thorniké Gordadzé (IFEA)</strong></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #999999;"><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Le 9 octobre 2008, le ministère du  développement économique de la Fédération de Russie envoyait à toutes  les structures étatiques du pays une missive officielle intitulée « Au  sujet des changements sur la carte du monde »<sup><a name="sdfootnote1anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote1sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">1</span></sup></a></sup>. La lettre  annonçait aux fonctionnaires publics que deux nouveaux Etats souverains –  l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du Sud - étaient apparus sur la scène  internationale et que désormais toutes les administrations du pays  devaient tenir compte de cette réalité. Cette modification de la carte  du monde, pour l’heure reconnue seulement par la Russie, le Nicaragua et  l’organisation palestinienne Hamas, est la conséquence de la guerre  russo-géorgienne d’août 2008. Le conflit se déclencha sur le territoire  de l’Ossétie du Sud, que certains s’empressèrent de qualifier d’enjeu du  conflit. Or, pour les belligérants, pour la Russie davantage encore que  pour la Géorgie, l’Ossétie du Sud a été le théâtre de l’affrontement,  et non pas un objectif en soi. Les combats en Ossétie du Sud qui ne  durèrent que trois jours (la guerre s’est ensuite étendue sur le reste  du territoire géorgien, dans les régions de Chida Kartlie, de Samegrélo  et d’Imérétie) ne furent qu’un épisode du conflit russo-géorgien qui n’a  jamais véritablement cessé depuis l’indépendance de la Géorgie  vis-à-vis de l’URSS en 1991. La guerre d’août emboîta le pas au conflit  qu’opposait déjà la métropole soviétique à la périphérie géorgienne  désireuse d’émancipation dès la fin des années 1980. Ce ne fut pas, loin  s’en faut, un conflit frontal de dix-huit ans, mais une période  \r\n', '\r\nponctuée de phases de crises aigues, comme lors du coup d’Etat de  janvier 1992<sup><a name="sdfootnote2anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote2sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">2</span></sup></a></sup> ou lors de la  guerre d’Abkhazie entre 1992 et 1993, mais aussi des moments durant  lesquelles la Russie fut l’acteur hégémonique comme de 1993-1995, ainsi  que des périodes d’intenses jeux et de rivalités diplomatiques. Les  provinces rebelles géorgiennes, issues de l’organisation  ethno-territoriale de l’empire soviétique, ont toujours été des pièces  maîtresses de ces relations conflictuelles. Farouchement attachée à son  cadre national, la Géorgie était solidement « accrochée » à l’idée de la  « restauration de l’intégrité territoriale »<sup><a name="sdfootnote3anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote3sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">3</span></sup></a></sup> et cet élément ne  pouvait être négligé par la Russie en quête d’une influence perdue.  Fortement implantée dans les provinces autonomes géorgiennes, la Russie  n’a jamais renoncé au retour de la Géorgie dans sa zone d’influence par  la pression exercée à travers l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du Sud. Quant à la  Géorgie, aucun gouvernement n’y a jamais abandonné l’objectif  d’unification territoriale. La détérioration rapide des relations déjà  très tendues entre la Russie et la Géorgie depuis la « révolution des  roses » de 2003<strong> </strong>augmentait l’acuité des « conflits gelés » des  régions géorgiennes. La Russie « hier à genoux, aujourd’hui debout »  grâce aux revenus énergétiques exceptionnellement hauts entre 2005 et  2008, à la mise au pas de la société et à la gestion autoritaire de  Vladimir Poutine, cherchait de façon croissante à revenir sur la scène  internationale pour « effacer » ce que ses dirigeants considéraient  comme une «humiliation » des années 1990 et du début des années 2000.  Cette véritable « politique publique de la vengeance » coûta des  milliers de vies humaines en Tchétchénie et dans le reste du Caucase  russe et fit réduire en peau de chagrin les dernières bribes du régime  démocratique, sacrifiées sur l’autel de la « grandeur nationale ». </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">« Nous avons été faibles et les faibles  sont tabassés » - déclarait le président russe à la télévision nationale<sup><a name="sdfootnote4anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote4sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">4</span></sup></a></sup> au soir du  dénouement sanglant du drame de Beslan. La Russie forte devait être  celle qui punit et la Géorgie avait tout d’un coupable idéal. Dirigé par  l’élite politique farouchement pro-occidentale, affichant sa volonté  d’adhérer à l’OTAN et à l’UE dès que ses portes s’entrouvriraient, ce  petit Etat verrou du Caucase fragilisait en prime l’une des cartes  majeures de la nouvelle puissance russe : la tendance monopolistique sur  la livraison des hydrocarbures à l’Occident par le contrôle des  gisements de l’Eurasie et de ses moyens de transport. Le  Bakou-Tbilissi-Ceyhan, oléoduc permettant d’acheminer les hydrocarbures  de la Caspienne vers l’Ouest sans passer par la Russie, le projet  européen de gazoduc Nabucco et autres projets derrière lesquels se  profilaient les intérêts des pays importateurs et de transit de  l’énergie, nuisaient en réalité davantage aux intérêts russes que le  fameux élargissement de l’OTAN, il est vrai symboliquement plus  difficile à digérer. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Dans ce contexte, il est tentant d’analyser  le conflit en Ossétie du Sud selon la grille de lecture  instrumentaliste : le conflit communautaire ossèto-géorgien qui y existe  serait uniquement du ressort du clivage russo-géorgien. Ce paradigme  n’est sans doute pas dénué d’intérêt, mais il n’explique qu’une partie  de l’histoire. Il existe en effet plusieurs niveaux d’analyse possible.  L’instrumentalisation du conflit sud-ossète par la Russie est  indéniable, mais il s’agit de la conséquence d’un long processus dans  lequel la seule volonté « impériale », consciente et machiavélique, ne  peut pas tout expliquer. Il est donc pertinent de se demander dans  quelle mesure le conflit en Ossétie du Sud peut avoir ses propres  racines. Quel eût été le clivage dans cette région si le pouvoir  soviétique n’était pas intervenu en créant la Région Autonome d’Ossétie  du Sud en 1922 et n’y avait pas appliqué sa politique ethnofédéraliste,  et quelle eût été la suite du conflit si l’abolition par Tbilissi du  statut autonome de l’Ossétie du Sud en 1991 avait été entérinée par la  Russie ? Et enfin, quelle eût été l’évolution de la situation si la  Géorgie n’avait pas tenté de se joindre à l’Alliance atlantique,  ravivant l’intérêt de la Russie poutinienne pour l’Ossétie du Sud après  12 ans de « ni paix, ni guerre » ? Nous ne pouvons évidemment pas donner  les réponses à ces questions, la politique-fiction n’étant pas du  ressort de la recherche. Nous pouvons seulement dire avec assurance que  le scénario eût été différent. En revanche, l’étude des phénomènes qui  ont mené à la formation du conflit sud-ossète, du processus politique  qui l’a transformé en une crise internationale majeure est l’objectif de  cet article. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></p>\r\n<ol type="I">\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>De la lutte des classes à la formation  des ethnocraties : l’expérience soviétique</strong></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="color: #999999;"><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L’historiographie soviétique dont la grille  de lecture dogmatique était l’explication de l’histoire par le schème  de la lutte des classes, considérait qu’en Ossétie du Sud,  l’aristocratie géorgienne était une classe d’exploiteurs, alliée du  tsarisme<sup><a name="sdfootnote5anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote5sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">5</span></sup></a></sup>. Ce dernier lui  permettait et lui rendait possible l’exploitation du prolétariat rural –  la paysannerie ossète sans terre-, classe révolutionnaire par essence.  La libération du « joug géorgien » devait également signifier la  libération socio-économique des Ossètes. Dans ce contexte, même les  émeutes de la faim étaient analysées comme la lutte du peuple ossète  pour l’établissement du pouvoir soviétique dans la région<sup><a name="sdfootnote6anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote6sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">6</span></sup></a></sup>. La création, en  avril 1922 de la région autonome d’Ossétie du sud, avec comme centre  politique et bureaucratique à Tskhinvali (appelé Staliniri de 1934 à  1961), dans des frontières aussi discutables et « artificielles » pour  la plupart des Géorgiens, a néanmoins eu un effet indéniable sur la  formation de l’identité collective ossète, des élites bureaucratiques et  intellectuelles locales – « porteurs sociaux » (au sens wébérien du  terme) de l’entité autonome. L’ethnofédéralisme soviétique appliqué à  l’Ossétie du Sud a favorisé l’émergence d’une élite communiste locale.  Bien qu’inférieur en statut à l’Abkhazie (République Autonome)<sup><a name="sdfootnote7anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote7sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">7</span></sup></a></sup>, l’Ossétie du Sud  disposait de son Soviet des députés du Peuple, composé de 140 membres  (pour une population de moins100 000 personnes), élu pour deux ans et  demi. Le Soviet élisait parmi ses membres le comité exécutif, qui  faisait office de gouvernement local. Les districts (<em>Rayon</em>) et  les communes avaient leurs soviets respectifs. Les structures du Parti  communiste et du Komsomol doublaient toutes les structures du pouvoir :  l’<em>Obkom</em> (le comité régional), les <em>raïkoms</em> et le <em>gorkom</em> (quatre comités de district et un comité de la ville du PCUS), avaient  chacun des centaines d’adhérents, qui formaient ensemble la société  bureaucratique locale, entièrement intéressée au maintien du statu  autonome de la région.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Sur le front culturel, l’ethnofédéralisme  soviétique, en Ossétie du Sud comme partout ailleurs en URSS, a déployé  une panoplie de mesures, qui à terme produisirent les récits nationaux  profondément intériorisés par la population, contribuèrent à la clôture  et l’objectivation identitaire. L’Institut de recherche de la Région  Autonome de l’Ossétie du Sud, créé à partir de la Société Littéraire et  Scientifique de l’Ossétie du Sud (elle-même fondée dès 1922 et  transformée en Société d’Ethnographie (<em>kraevedenie</em>) en 1925)  avait une place de première importance dans ce domaine. L’établissement a  acquis le statut d’Institut de recherche en 1936 et fut transformé en  1938 en Institut de la Langue, de Littérature et d’Histoire, à l’instar  de son homologue abkhaze. Véritable auxiliaire du pouvoir, l’Institut  qui a produit entre autres volumes la monumentale « Histoire d’Ossétie.  Documents et Matériaux » (en 1959) et le Dictionnaire de la Langue  Ossète en quatre volumes (1979), portait dans son titre officiel la  mention «Institut près du Comité Exécutif Central (le TSIK) d’Ossétie du  Sud<sup><a name="sdfootnote8anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote8sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">8</span></sup></a></sup>. Multidisciplinaire  dans l’âme, l’Institut considérait comme domaines prioritaires de  recherche «les problèmes cruciaux de l’histoire ossète des temps les  plus reculés à l’époque moderne : les questions d’ethnogenèse du peuple  ossète, le développement du mouvement révolutionnaire, les questions  d’amitié pluriséculaire entre les peuples ossète, géorgien et russe, la  construction du communisme, le développement de la production socialiste  et du rôle dirigeant du parti communiste »<sup><a name="sdfootnote9anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote9sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">9</span></sup></a></sup>. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">D’autres corps d’Etat, comme l’Union des  écrivains, les organes de presse<sup><a name="sdfootnote10anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote10sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">10</span></sup></a></sup>, le théâtre<sup><a name="sdfootnote11anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote11sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">11</span></sup></a></sup>, les « collectifs  d’art populaire » (chant et danse folkloriques)<sup><a name="sdfootnote12anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote12sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">12</span></sup></a></sup>, les musées, les  palais de pionniers, l’institut pédagogique (de formation des maîtres)  de Tskhinvali, participaient pleinement au processus d’identification de  la population sud-ossète à leur territoire et à son statut autonome, en  vertu duquel tous ces organismes existaient et fonctionnaient. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">La politique des nationalités soviétique a  eu comme conséquence la territorialisation de l’identité ossète en  Géorgie. La population ethniquement ossète était relativement éparpillée  sur tout le territoire de la Géorgie centrale et orientale. D’après le  recensement de population de 1989, seuls 39% des Ossètes de Géorgie  vivaient sur le territoire qui leur avait été alloué en qualité de «   nationalité titulaire », mais c’est bien sur ce territoire que s’est  formée l’élite politique, bureaucratique, intellectuelle et culturelle  des Ossètes. Ainsi, il n’est pas sans intérêt de souligner qu’à l’époque  soviétique quasiment toutes les publications (livres et journaux) en  langue ossète parues en Géorgie, l’ont été sur le territoire de la  région autonome, tandis qu’au XIX° siècle, le centre de la culture  ossète en Géorgie était Tbilissi. C’est bien dans la capitale géorgienne  qu’est paru, en 1907 le premier journal en ossète du pays - <em>Nog  Tsard</em> – Vie Nouvelle. Tout comme la presse, les débuts du théâtre  ossète en Géorgie ont également eu lieu à Tbilissi. Le premier spectacle  en langue ossète a été joué à Tbilissi en 1906 par la troupe théâtrale  ossète de la ville, tandis qu’à Tskhinvali, avant que la ville devienne  le centre administratif de la région autonome, les pièces jouées étaient  exclusivement en géorgien. Le théâtre de la ville, à sa fondation en  1909 était également géorgien<sup><a name="sdfootnote13anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote13sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">13</span></sup></a></sup>.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Mais la fixation des frontières  identitaires et l’objectivation du fait national ne signifient pas  forcément l’hostilité entre les communautés. L’animosité entre  « Ossètes » et « Géorgiens » était très peu visible à l’époque  soviétique, contrairement aux tensions régulières en Abkhazie. Elle  s’est largement formée entre 1990 et 2008, soit après l’apparition des  premières victimes du premier affrontement armé. Les Ossètes étaient  parmi les « minorités <strong>nationales </strong>» les mieux intégrées dans la  société géorgienne. D’après Revaz Gatchetchiladzé, 53,7% d’Ossètes de  Géorgie maîtrisaient « bien » la langue officielle du pays- le géorgien-  en 1989, alors que ce pourcentage était de 30,2% pour les Arméniens, de  23,7% pour les Russes, de 10,2% pour les Azéris<sup><a name="sdfootnote14anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote14sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">14</span></sup></a></sup>. De plus, des cas  d’assimilation, se traduisant par la géorgianisation des patronymes  étaient particulièrement nombreux chez les Ossètes en comparaison avec  les autres « minorités nationales », tout comme le pourcentage de  mariages mixtes avec les représentants de la <em>nationalité </em>majoritaire. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #999999;"><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<ol start="2" type="I">\r\n<li>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Le problème de l’Ossétie du Sud et la  marche de la Géorgie vers l’indépendance. Des maladies infantiles d’un  jeune Etat face au conflit armé</strong></span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #999999;"><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Le legs de la période de la présidence de  Zviad Gamsakhourdia (octobre 1990- décembre 1991)<sup><a name="sdfootnote15anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote15sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">15</span></sup></a></sup> dans le champ  politique géorgien n’a pas encore été sérieusement élucidé. La plupart  des analyses existantes dans la littérature scientifique russe et  européenne sont univoques et qualifient tour à tour le premier président  géorgien de nationaliste extrême ou de dirigeant incompétent,  l’accusant généralement d’être à l’origine de tous les conflits  géorgiens. Ces assertions comportent certains éléments de vérité, mais  une analyse minutieuse des sources et données de terrain devrait montrer  une réalité plus complexe, tandis qu’une enquête comparative minimale  des idéologies politiques ayant cours dans l’espace soviétique et  postsoviétique devrait nous inciter à relativiser l’exceptionnalité de  l’extrémisme politique du premier président postsoviétique de la  république géorgienne<sup><a name="sdfootnote16anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote16sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">16</span></sup></a></sup>. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ainsi est-il essentiel de distinguer les  faits historiques de la lecture <em>a posteriori</em> de la période de la  présidence de Gamsakhourdia, essentiellement politique et fréquemment  employée à usage commémoratif, notamment par les leaders des groupes  « victimes ». C’est dans ce contexte que doit être appréhendée par  exemple l’insistance de Kokoïti pour qualifier l’ère Gamsakhourdia de  « second génocide » ossète<sup><a name="sdfootnote17anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote17sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">17</span></sup></a></sup>.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ces mises en garde faites, il ne faut pas  sous-estimer la portée des événements qui ont marqué l’Ossétie du Sud  durant les premiers mois de l’indépendance géorgienne. Pour  Gamsakhourdia et la plupart des nationalistes géorgiens, les Ossètes  représentaient une population essentiellement non autochtone, arrivée en  Géorgie tardivement, même s’il était communément admis que ce  « tardivement » correspondait au moins à un siècle de peuplement dans le  cas de la région autour de Tskhinvali, et à plusieurs siècles  s’agissant de la région septentrionale de Djava. En soi, la qualité de  « non-autochtone » ne déchaînait pas une réaction d’agression<sup><a name="sdfootnote18anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote18sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">18</span></sup></a></sup>, mais c’est le  statut de l’autonomie politique de l’Ossétie du Sud que ce facteur  rendait questionnable. A la fin des années 1980 et au début des années  1990, l’opinion dominante considérait que l’autonomie ossète était une  création artificielle et illégitime du pouvoir soviétique, ayant pour  but le démembrement de la nation géorgienne<sup><a name="sdfootnote19anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote19sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">19</span></sup></a></sup>. Ce discours  dominant géorgien fut renforcé par les premiers soubresauts du  nationalisme séparatiste qui se manifestait en Ossétie du Sud. Ce  nationalisme était concomitant de la libéralisation relative du régime  soviétique permise par la perestroïka. C’est ainsi que les premiers  militants nationalistes ossètes regroupés au sein de l’organisation <em>Aedamon  Nykhas</em> (« La voix du peuple » en ossète) formulaient pour la  première fois depuis des décennies une critique de l’hégémonie  géorgienne et le vœu d’unification de leur région autonome à la  république sœur du Nord (l’Ossétie du Nord) faisant partie de la  Fédération russe. Au départ, <em>Aedamon Nykhas</em> n’était pas  l’émanation de l’élite politique communiste locale, cette dernière s’en  méfiait même considérablement, craignant qu’il s’agisse d’un groupe de  « prétendants » voulant profiter de la vague nationaliste pour remplacer  l’élite communiste à Tskhinvali. L’organisation était surtout composée  de quelques intellectuels locaux : historiens (à l’instar d’Alan  Tchotchiev, le leader du groupe<sup><a name="sdfootnote20anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote20sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">20</span></sup></a></sup>), ethnologues et  philologues pour la plupart. Mais très vite leurs exigences furent  endossées sans aucun mal par le Soviet (assemblée) des Députés du Peuple  de la région autonome, dominé par les communistes conservateurs. Cette  fusion entre l’élite communiste établie et les idéologues nationalistes  sortis du milieu intellectuel est un phénomène assez classique pour  l’époque, particulièrement dans les petites républiques autonomes en  conflit, où une pluralité des élites n’a pu se former. Forts de leurs  réseaux formés à l’époque soviétique, les dirigeants locaux envoyèrent  de nombreuses délégations à Vladikavkaz et à Moscou pour y chercher un  soutien politique. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Les mouvements politiques géorgiens sentant  le danger du séparatisme et pour souligner la « géorgianité » de la  région, tentèrent d’organiser une manifestation de masse à Tskhinvali en  novembre 1989. Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de Géorgiens affluèrent à  Tskhinvali en provenance de toutes les régions du pays, mais ils furent  empêchés d’entrer dans la ville par les manifestants ossètes et les  cordons de blindés du ministère de l’intérieur soviétique. Après trois  jours de face à face, les manifestants géorgiens se dispersèrent sans  forcer les cordons, se contentant d’organiser une manifestation au  village géorgien d’Ergneti qui jouxte la ville<sup><a name="sdfootnote21anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote21sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">21</span></sup></a></sup>. Les événements de  novembre 1989 ont illustré plusieurs tendances importantes du moment.  Tout d’abord, ils ont démontré que le mouvement indépendantiste géorgien  sous-estimait le problème ossète, surtout par rapport à l’Abkhazie que  l’opinion publique considérait comme le problème national numéro un.  L’Ossétie du Sud était pensée comme un problème mineur, facilement  réglable compte tenu de la taille réduite, de la pauvreté économique et  du faible poids démographique de la région. De plus, le différend  osséto-géorgien paraissait moins chargé d’un passif historique  « négatif ». De ce face à face de trois jours à l’entrée de Tskhinvali,  les leaders géorgiens auraient dû tirer l’enseignement selon lequel le  problème ossète n’allait pas être aisé à régler et qu’il fallait faire  preuve de flexibilité pour le résoudre. Il fallait également agir avec  prudence afin de ne pas approfondir le fossé entre les communautés,  alors encore peu profond. Ensuite, le territoire compris entre Ergneti  et Tskhinvali était devenu une barrière entre Géorgiens et Ossètes,  symboliquement parlant, qui ne fit que se renforcer au fil des années,  alors qu’à l’époque soviétique la frontière de l’Ossétie du Sud avec le  reste de la Géorgie était tout à fait formelle et imperceptible<sup><a name="sdfootnote22anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote22sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">22</span></sup></a></sup>. L’autre point  significatif de ce premier affrontement fut le fait que les manifestants  ossètes qui bloquaient l’accès aux manifestants venus des différentes  régions du pays, le faisaient derrière des drapeaux rouges, ou des  banderoles arborant slogans favorables à l’Union Soviétique et photos de  Lénine. Cela montrait une société locale orientée par ses élites en  faveur de la légalité soviétique et méfiante vis-à-vis d’une Géorgie  indépendante. La tenue par les autorités locales, quelques dix-huit mois  plus tard (en mars 1991), du référendum au sujet du maintien de l’Union  Soviétique et du nouveau « Traité de l’Union », contrairement au  boycott déclaré en Géorgie, confirma cette tendance. Enfin, ce premier  face-à-face illustra l’engagement du Kremlin dans la région et démontra  que ce dernier entendait s’appuyer sur les provinces autonomes  géorgiennes pour garder une influence sur la totalité du pays. La  direction soviétique a même officiellement envisagé, dès l’hiver 1990  d’élever le statut des autonomies au rang des républiques fédérées de  l’Union (<em>soiouznye Respoubliki</em>). Cette menace fut mise en  exécution par l’adoption le 26 avril 1990 de la loi soviétique sur la  « répartition des compétences entre l’Union des RSS et les sujets de  fédération ». L’alinéa 2 de l’article 6 de cette loi établissait les  procédés d’adhésion à l’Union des nouvelles républiques fédérées et ceux  de la création des nouvelles formations autonomes<sup><a name="sdfootnote23anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote23sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">23</span></sup></a></sup>. Pour la Géorgie,  la loi était sensée diminuer la tutelle de Tbilissi sur ses autonomies,  leur donnant la possibilité d’adhérer à l’URSS en cas d’indépendance  géorgienne. Il faut souligner que cette loi, bien que ne mentionnant  jamais explicitement la Géorgie, la visait néanmoins en premier chef,  car aucune autre république parmi les six (Lituanie, Lettonie, Estonie,  Géorgie, Arménie, Moldavie) refusant le nouveau « traité de l’Union » ne  comportai de l’Union ne comportait des « autonomies à problèmes»<sup><a name="sdfootnote24anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote24sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">24</span></sup></a></sup>.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Par l’intervention du ministère de  l’Intérieur soviétique, qui supplanta le ministère de Intérieur géorgien  dans la gestion de cette crise, Moscou marquait le début de la pratique  qui n’a fait que se renforcer les années qui suivirent l’incident.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L’histoire de la suppression de l’autonomie  de l’Ossétie du Sud est également plus complexe que la version qui a la  faveur des journalistes et des discours politiques, qui accusent  Gamsakhourdia de suppression unilatérale et brutale du statut autonome  de la région. En réalité, le 20 septembre 1990, le Soviet Suprême de la  région autonome, sur proposition d’Alan Tchotchiev et de Thorez  Kouloumbegov<sup><a name="sdfootnote25anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote25sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">25</span></sup></a></sup> a voté l’acte de  « déclaration de souveraineté d’Ossétie du Sud » et de sa transformation  en une « République Soviétique Démocratique d’Ossétie du Sud » (RSDOS)<sup><a name="sdfootnote26anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote26sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">26</span></sup></a></sup>. La région  autonome s’était déjà unilatéralement arrogé le statut de la  « république autonome » en novembre 1989, plus élevé dans le fédéralisme  soviétique. En un an et demi, le Soviet Suprême sud-ossète a plusieurs  fois modifié le nom officiel de l’entité politique. Ainsi dès le 28  novembre 1990, le Soviet des Députés du Peuple d’Ossétie du Sud a-t-il  supprimé le mot « démocratique » dans le nom officiel de la république  adopté le 20 septembre<sup><a name="sdfootnote27anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote27sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">27</span></sup></a></sup>. Six mois plus  tard, avec le vote du 4 mai 1991, le même Soviet annula la décision du  20 septembre 1990 au sujet de la transformation de la région autonome en  « République Socialiste Démocratique » et restaura la « Région  Autonome »<sup><a name="sdfootnote28anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote28sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">28</span></sup></a></sup>. Cette décision  fut cassée quatre mois plus tard, toujours par le même Soviet, qui  déclara la décision du 4 mai « nulle et non avenue », car elle aurait  été adoptée « pour satisfaire l’insistance et pour suivre les  indications de l’ex-président du Soviet Suprême de l’URSS Anatoli  Loukianov et du groupe parlementaire « Soiouz »<sup><a name="sdfootnote29anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote29sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">29</span></sup></a></sup>. De ce fait, la  motion votée le 1<sup>er </sup>septembre 1991 restaurait le statut  d’avant le 4 mai »<sup><a name="sdfootnote30anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote30sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">30</span></sup></a></sup>. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Cette prolifération d’activité constituante  du Soviet sud-ossète était attentivement suivie par le parlement  géorgien qui cassait les votes ossètes avec la même minutie, et qui à  l’occasion, passait même à l’offensive législative. Le Conseil Suprême  géorgien (encore communiste pour un mois) déclara illégal le vote du  Soviet sud-ossète sur la transformation de la région autonome en  « République Socialiste Démocratique » dès le lendemain du vote ossète,  le 21 septembre 1990<sup><a name="sdfootnote31anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote31sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">31</span></sup></a></sup>. Ignorant cet acte  juridique, le Soviet Suprême de l’Ossétie du Sud a confirmé son vote le  16 octobre, en ajoutant la création du « Comité Exécutif de la  République Soviétique Démocratique d’Ossétie du Sud ». C’est seulement  après l’organisation des élections du nouveau parlement en Ossétie du  Sud, déclaré illégitime avant même que le scrutin ait lieu par le  parlement géorgien présidé par Gamsakhourdia, que la Géorgie décida la  suppression de la RSDOS (le 11 décembre 1990)<sup><a name="sdfootnote32anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote32sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">32</span></sup></a></sup>. Le même jour, le  parlement géorgien déclarait l’état d’urgence dans la ville de  Tskhinvali et dans le district de Djava<sup><a name="sdfootnote33anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote33sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">33</span></sup></a></sup>. Dès le lendemain,  le 12 décembre, trois Géorgiens étaient assassinés dans une attaque à  la mitraillette dans le centre de Tskhinvali<sup><a name="sdfootnote34anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote34sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">34</span></sup></a></sup>, ce qui servit de  déclencheur aux violences, qui dégénérèrent au fil des semaines en  véritable conflit armé. Il est notable que la direction politique de la  Fédération de Russie (l’administration Eltsine) avait une position  sensiblement différente <strong>de celle</strong> du leadership soviétique  (Gorbatchev). En conflit politique contre la direction de l’URSS,  Eltsine soutenait les opposants au Kremlin dans les républiques  fédérées. Ainsi les rapports entre Gamsakhourdia et Eltsine furent-ils  très positifs au départ. Dans le mémorandum signé le 23 mars 1991 par  les deux présidents à la suite de leur rencontre au sommet à Qazbegui  (Géorgie), l’Ossétie du Sud est mentionnée comme « ex-région autonome  d’Ossétie du Sud ». La Fédération de Russie s’engageait dans ce document  à lutter conjointement avec le ministère de l’intérieur géorgien pour  désarmer « toutes les formations militaires illégales sur le territoire  de l’ex-région autonome». Ainsi d’après ce document, la Fédération de  Russie reconnaît <em>de facto </em>l’abolition de l’autonomie ossète<sup><a name="sdfootnote35anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote35sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">35</span></sup></a></sup>. Néanmoins, la  position russe est redevenue pro-ossète très rapidement, littéralement  plusieurs semaines après la rencontre de Qazbegui<sup><a name="sdfootnote36anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote36sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">36</span></sup></a></sup>, et la Fédération  de Russie endossa entièrement la position de l’ancienne métropole après  la disparition de l’Union Soviétique. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Le dernier épisode dans la guerre juridique  autour du statut fut la déclaration d’indépendance adoptée par le  parlement sud-ossète le 21 décembre 1991. Etrangement, cette déclaration  précéda l’organisation du référendum au sujet de l’indépendance, qui  n’eut lieu que le 19 janvier 1992. De façon encore plus étrange, le  référendum sur l’indépendance comportait également en deuxième point une  question sur l’adhésion de l’Ossétie du sud à la Russie<sup> <a name="sdfootnote37anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote37sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">37</span></sup></a></sup>.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Une nouvelle phase dans les violences fut  atteinte avec l’introduction des troupes du ministère de l’Intérieur  géorgien à Tskhinvali, le 6 janvier 1991, qui marqua le début du conflit  armé d’Ossétie du Sud<sup><a name="sdfootnote38anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote38sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">38</span></sup></a></sup>. Le conflit dura  de janvier 1991 à juin 1992 et fut d’intensité variable, selon les  différents secteurs de la région. Les combats furent assez circonscrits  géographiquement et ne dépassèrent presque jamais la zone comprise dans  un rayon de dix kilomètres autour de Tskhinvali. La ville fut  régulièrement pilonnée par l’artillerie légère et lourde des unités  géorgiennes, tandis que les villages géorgiens du nord, de l’est et du  sud de Tskhinvali furent attaqués par les milices ossètes<sup><a name="sdfootnote39anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote39sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">39</span></sup></a></sup>. Ces milices  étaient en grande partie composées d’habitants locaux et des forces de  l’ordre locales, mais nombreux combattants étaient également venus de  l’Ossétie du Nord et de la Russie. Les districts de Znaouri (Qornissi)  et de Djava furent moins touchés, tandis que dans la région d’Akhalgori,  située dans la partie orientale de l’Ossétie du Sud, quasiment aucun  coup de feu ne fut tiré jusqu’à son occupation par l’armée russe en août  2008, étant donné qu’elle était restée loyale aux autorités centrales  de Tbilissi tout au long du conflit. Conflit de basse intensité par  excellence, le conflit sud-ossète de 1991-92 était également un conflit  comportant des prises d’otages, et des attaques contre les civils<sup><a name="sdfootnote40anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote40sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">40</span></sup></a></sup>. De par  l’importante mixité de peuplement des deux communautés, les villages  ossètes et géorgiens se succédant en collier de perles, il était  fréquent que les milices constituées d’habitants des villages voisins se  fassent des micro-guerres, avec leur lot d’expropriations, de  kidnappings et de vengeances personnelles. Au total, un millier de  personnes furent tuées, mais le nombre de déplacés et de réfugiés fut  beaucoup plus important. Les villages mixtes, qui jusqu’en 1991  représentaient le tiers du nombre total des villages de la région,  devinrent  quasiment tous mono-ethniques à l’exception du district  d’Akhalgori, où malgré le départ de quelques Ossètes, la mixité fut  maintenue jusqu’en août 2008. Tskhinvali est ainsi devenue pour la  première fois de son histoire une ville exclusivement ossète : les  Géorgiens (environ 10.000 personnes) quittèrent la ville en direction  des enclaves géorgiennes ou de Gori<sup><a name="sdfootnote41anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote41sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">41</span></sup></a></sup>, tandis que les  villages à majorité géorgienne de la vallée de la Grande et de la Petite  Liakhvi (Tamaracheni, Atchabeti, Kurta, Dzartsemi, Kemerti, Kekhvi,  Sveri, Eredvi, Beroula, Beloti, etc.,) furent vidées de leur population  ossète. Le conflit fut également accompagné d’une importante émigration  des Ossètes vivant dans les différentes régions géorgiennes (de la  Kartlie intérieure, du district de Borjomi, de la Kakhétie et de  Tbilissi) vers l’Ossétie du Nord<sup><a name="sdfootnote42anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote42sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">42</span></sup></a></sup>. La nette  diminution du nombre des Géorgiens vivant en Ossétie du Nord (notamment à  Vladikavkaz) fut aussi l’une des conséquences de cet « échange des  populations » à la caucasienne. </span></p>\r\n<span style="color: #999999;"><br /></span>', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 12:02:50', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 12:02:50', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 217, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', '');
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(155, 'in Cornell Svante and Starr Fredrick (eds.), “Guns of August, Russia’s war in Georgia in 2008”, New-York, ME Sharpe, 2009', 'in-cornell-svante-and-starr-fredrick-eds-“guns-of-august-russia’s-war-in-georgia-in-2008”-new-york-me-sharpe-2009', 65, 1, '<p style="margin-bottom: 0.19in;" align="center" lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Imperial servant at the head of the state:  Eduard Shevardnadze’s uneasy relations with Russia</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #ff6600;"><span lang="en-GB">in Cornell Svante and Starr Fredrick (eds.), “</span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Guns of August, Russia’s war in Georgia in 2008</em></span><span lang="en-GB">”, New-York, ME Sharpe, 2009</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thornike Gordadze</span></strong></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">French Institute of Anatolian Studies  (IFEA), Caucasus observatory head. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Associated researcher at the CERI</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">“Four centuries of resistance!” – so  proclaimed thousands of leaflets distributed in Tbilisi by young  Georgian activists during the August 2008 war with Russia. Analyzing  Georgian-Russian relations solely in terms of resistance is  understandable when Russian tanks were 40 km away from the country’s  capital, but a more balanced assessment requires a more nuanced  understanding of the question. The relationship between a local polity  and an external center of power attempting to establish its domination  is by necessity more complex, definitely equivocal, and essentially  unstable. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Throughout history, local rulers have made  deals with empires, and their dependence has never been total. Phases of  military conquest and crude repression have tended to be followed by a  “hegemonic stage,” in which the dominant power seeks to co-opt local  elites. This has even been known to end in a growing dependence of the  imperial power on the local ruler. An eagerness to control the Caucasus  and its central country, Georgia, has been a <em>leitmotiv</em> of all  Russian empires. It was in the Caucasus that imperial pride and dreams  of greatness were nurtured, and where Russia took refuge in order to  deflect frustration away from its continuous resentment vis-à-vis the  West. \r\n', '\r\n</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Today’s Russia again considers itself  something akin to an empire. After a short period of hesitation  following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia, having failed to  invent a new identity for itself, reverted to the old ideal of empire.  But the modern Russian empire is strikingly more fragile than its  predecessors, because it tries to carry out a rather difficult, if not  impossible, task, namely, to make a long abandoned political model  viable in a totally new environment. As long as Russia sticks to this  line, it will be condemned to great fragility. And as long as Russia is  fragile, its relationship with the surrounding world – and especially  with its immediate neighbors – will tend to be uneasy and troubled. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Being a hegemonic and nationality-based  empire, the Soviet Union rehabilitated and in certain respects  reinforced the role of local actors. The Soviet experience was formative  for those who took on the ambivalent and dual role of acting  simultaneously as community leaders and imperial servants. In the 1990s,  during the era of Boris Yeltsin’s Russia, Georgia was led by Eduard  Shevardnadze, a former high-level Soviet official, who had presided over  Communist Georgia in the 1970s before being brought to Moscow by  Mikhail Gorbachev, who made him Soviet Foreign Minister. Shevardnadze  was a perfect example of a man who sought to reconcile in one life many  different roles. Georgian-Russian relations under his presidency and  that of Yeltsin in Russia vividly illustrate all the ambiguities and  difficulties of a post-imperial conflict.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">A tumultuous start: Georgian Independence  without state and Russian Empire without policy</span></strong></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The roughly two years spanning the fall of  Zviad Gamsakhurdia and the end of the Abkhaz war, from January 1992 to  September 1993, illustrate several core aspects of Russian-Georgian  relations after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, indeed setting the  stage for the coming decade. The West dismissed with total indifference  the radically anti-hegemonic regime of Zviad Gamsakhurdia. The main  Western priority at the time was to guarantee stability on the territory  of the dissolving nuclear empire. But once the shock of disintegration  was over, both Russia and Georgia came back to their classical national  projects: for Russia, the restoration of an Empire or at the very least a  zone of influence; for Georgia, the construction of a nation-state.  Inevitably, their interests clashed again; the regime of Eduard  Shevardnadze, presumed by many to be loyal to Moscow, turned out to be  as attached to the idea of independence and sovereignty as its  predecessor, the Gamsakhurdia regime, had been. Russia, in order to  impose its hegemony, had somehow to punish this new regime. Yet during  this period it became clear that no serious political force in Georgia  would ever be so obedient to Moscow as to abandon its sovereignty and  territorial integrity. In spite of the tense relations, it would be  unfair to argue that Russia was unilaterally initiating all the  processes that developed in Georgia and its breakaway territories. At  least in the beginning of 1990s, Russia was subjected to internal  turmoil, which left it reacting to events in Georgia rather than  initiating them. Even then, Russia was never unresponsive, because it  had never, even in the worst times, abandoned the idea of maintaining a  special influence outside its borders. Georgian opposition to  Gamsakhurdia would certainly have existed even without Russia, yet  Russia’s role in his overthrow was by no means significant. Likewise,  some sort of ethnic conflict in Abkhazia was in all probability  unavoidable, but without Russian involvement the outcome of these events  would in all likelihood have been very different.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">There are now many indications that Russia  backed the coup that ousted Zviad Gamsakhurdia from the presidency in  December 1991-January 1992. Moscow viewed Gamsakhurdia as a Russophobe  and as a danger to Russia’s dominance over the entire Caucasus.  Gamsakhurdia, whose term in office was characterized by serious  mismanagement of both domestic and foreign affairs, was strongly  attached to the idea of a “Common Caucasian Home.” This was a rather  utopian idea of a “United Caucasus” that would challenge Moscow’s  domination of the region. The first fruits of this idea were already  apparent with the sealing of an alliance between Gamsakhurdia and Jokhar  Dudayev’s independent republic of Chechnya. Gamsakhurdia attended  Dudayev''s inauguration as President in 1991 and when Gamsakhurdia was  overthrown, he chose Chechnya as his place of asylum. While he resided  in Grozny, Gamsakhurdia also helped to organize the first “All-Caucasian  Conference” which was attended by independent-minded groups from across  the region. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The Georgian opposition to Gamsakhurdia was  a strange alliance between defeated communist apparatchiks,  anti-Gamsakhurdia nationalists, and organized crime chiefs known as the  “criminal authorities.” Moscow supported this heterogeneous opposition  both financially and technically, while the Russian military stationed  in Georgia supplied it with weapons. Exiled former Georgian communist  leaders, such as Akaki<strong> </strong>Mgeladze, had initiated the alliance  between former communists, the outlawed <em>Mkhedrioni</em> militia, and  some units of the National Guard under the command of Tengiz Kitovani.  In his memoirs, published in 1999, <em>Mkhedrioni </em>chief Jaba  Ioseliani described Kitovani’s close relations with Russian generals.<sup><a name="sdfootnote1anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote1sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">1</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Once Gamsakhurdia was overthrown, power was  vested in the Military Council made up of former Prime Minister Tengiz  Sigua, Kitovani, and Ioseliani.<span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span>The  putschists used the anti-Gamsakhurdia nationalists such as the National  Democratic Party, the Party of National Independence, and the Popular  Front to provide some moral legitimacy for their coup but never offered  them a share of power. They established a bizarre political assembly  called the State Council, <em>Sakhelmtzipo Sabcho</em>, with  representation of all existing political parties except Gamsakhurdia’s  followers. <span lang="en-GB">No elections were held until October 1992,  and the Assembly, which was a simple agglomeration of existing parties,  had neither a structure nor real power.</span> Actual power rested in  the hands of armed groups and militias under Ioseliani and Kitovani’s  authority. Even though the international community recognized Georgia’s  independence, Russia’s military continued to back the new government. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">All rulers seek a minimum of legitimacy. It  is for this reason that the Military Council, which had become  extremely unpopular for its brutal repression of the Zviadists, invited  Eduard Shevardnadze to return to Georgia in March 1992.<sup><a name="sdfootnote2anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote2sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">2</span></sup></a></sup> Shortly thereafter,  Shevardnadze joined Ioseliani, Sigua, and Kitovani to form the  Presidium of the State Council. All four were given the power to veto  decisions of the State Council. Parliamentary elections were held in  October 1992, and Shevardnadze was elected Chairman of Parliament, which  remained the highest position in the state until the adoption of a  presidential constitution in 1995.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From the very beginning, a large portion of  Georgian society was critical of Shevardnadze. Zviad Gamsakhurdia  continued to enjoy substantial support, especially in the western part  of the country, and Shevardnadze’s past led to the firm belief that he  was closely tied to Russia, some seeing him as nothing more than a  Russian figurehead. This opinion was reinforced in June 1992, when  Shevardnadze signed a cease-fire agreement on the South Ossetian  conflict with Boris Yeltsin in the resort of Dagomys, close to Sochi in  the Russian North Caucasus. Following the agreement, Georgian Forces  that were in a dominant position in the Tskhinvali region and were  blockading the secessionist stronghold there retreated, and joint  Russian–Georgian-Ossetian peacekeeping battalions were set up to patrol  the conflict zone. The agreement was clearly advantageous for Russia,  given that Ossetian and Russian battalions were acting in concert, and  it turned out to be very negative for Georgia. <span lang="en-GB">The  document, officially called the “Agreement on Principles for the  Settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian Conflict between Georgia and  Russia,” produced a quadrilateral Joint Control Commission (JCC),  consisting of Russian, North Ossetian, South Ossetian, and Georgian  sides tasked to supervise the implementation of the agreement. This  four-sided body was by no means acceptable to Georgia. Besides the  presence of Russia as a biased broker, it included </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>two</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> Ossetian delegations,  while Georgia was represented only by its central government. Hence both  the political representation and the peacekeeping structure ruled out  any possibility of parity from the very beginning. Not surprisingly, </span>Shevardnadze’s  critics considered this move as a betrayal of the national interests of  Georgia in favor of Russia. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In fact, reality was much more complex. No  doubt, Eduard Shevardnadze’s entire political career had been connected  with the Soviet Union. He was a classically ambivalent figure, who knew  how to take advantage of his local resources to gain a privileged place  in an imperial system, but who also could use his imperial credentials  to assert his power at the local level. As in many post-colonial  transitions, be became the imperial servant who transformed himself into  a post-imperial national leader. But in the beginning of the 1990s,  Shevardnadze’s Russian credentials were ambiguous. Earlier, he had been  closely associated with Gorbachev’s political team, but by 1992 this  grouping had already been marginalized. The Soviet Union had collapsed,  and Russia was ruled by factions, symbolized by Boris Yeltsin, that in  the past had opposed Gorbachev. Moreover, Russia’s orthodox communists  and the military and security communities hated Gorbachev and his circle  even more than Yeltsin and his allies did, holding them responsible for  “the loss of half of Europe,” the “surrender of Afghanistan,” and,  finally, the destruction of the Empire. Shevardnadze himself had a small  circle of allies in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, chiefly  persons he had promoted when he was minister, men like Andrei Kozyrev  and Igor Ivanov, who both ended up as ministers themselves. Yet most  members of the new Russian political elite were hostile to Shevardnadze.  Indeed, whatever political capital he may have accumulated as Minister  of Foreign Affairs during <em>Perestroika</em> was more exploitable in the  West, where he had enjoyed the image of a liberal minister who was  among those chiefly responsible for ending the Cold War. To encourage  Georgia’s fresh start<strong>, </strong>U.S. Secretary of State<strong> </strong>James Baker  and German Minister of Foreign Affairs Hans-Dietrich Genscher visited  the country just as clashes between pro- and anti-Gamsakhurdia forces  were breaking out. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Georgia was breaking the wall of  international isolation that had surrounded the country under the  successive rule of Gamsakhurdia and the Military Council.<sup><a name="sdfootnote3anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote3sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">3</span></sup></a></sup> Yet Western  interests in the region were still very limited compared to those of a  weakened but still very visible Russia. Later claims by Russian  officials and some Russian and Western analysts that Russia suffered a  “severe humiliation” at the hands of the West in the beginning of the  1990s does not hold up to serious analysis. Indeed, events demonstrate  that the West accepted almost everything Russia undertook in the  Caucasus in the name of stability. The West strikingly lacked any  willingness to get involved in the region. America’s presence was very  limited, and the administration of George H.W. Bush validated and even  welcomed the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),  which from the very beginning Russia defined as a zone of its own  particular interest. It is revealing that the term “near abroad” emerged  during the presidency of Yeltsin, not Putin’s. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Moscow had total freedom of maneuver during  the wars in Abkhazia (August 1992-September 1993) and Mountainous  Karabakh (from 1991 to May 1994).<sup><a name="sdfootnote4anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote4sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">4</span></sup></a></sup> Russia’s conduct in  these wars received no serious criticism or condemnation from Western  countries. The West was happy that Russia was unable to intervene in the  Balkans, one of the West’s top priorities at that time, and was  therefore disinclined to criticize Russia for its role in the ethnic  cleansing and mass killings that occurred in Abkhazia in 1992-1993, and  which were committed either by Russian citizens involved as “volunteers”  or by Abkhaz secessionists whom the Russian military had armed and  trained.<sup><a name="sdfootnote5anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote5sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">5</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In April 1993, speaking to the Georgian  parliament, Shevardnadze had to recognize that in Abkhazia Georgia was  in fact facing Russia.<sup><a name="sdfootnote6anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote6sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">6</span></sup></a></sup> In fact, the  conflict in Abkhazia and Russia’s growing involvement on the side of the  Abkhaz had already nullified any hopes that may have existed of a  partnership between the two countries. Georgians’ distrust of Russia was  even greater now than it had been during the Gamsakhurdia period. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Russia more and more actively involved  itself in the war. The first official reactions from the Kremlin and  President Yeltsin’s office were not anti-Georgian and emanated  benevolent neutrality. At the start of the Abkhaz war there was no  consensus in Russia as to how it should be treated. Nor, for that  matter, was there any consensus on the identity and orientation of the  new Russian state. Those most opposed to Georgia were the military,  conservative communists, and nationalists, whose influence was steadily  expanding.<sup><a name="sdfootnote7anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote7sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">7</span></sup></a></sup> In a manner that  would recur during the war in Chechnya, Yeltsin decided to leave the  issue of Abkhazia to those who with a “special interest” in it. Neither  willing to confront the military nor an assortment of North Caucasian  nationalists, pro-Soviet restorationists, and “red and brown” patriots,  the Kremlin allowed itself to be dragged into a policy of active support  for the Abkhaz secessionists. Abkhazia was Yeltsin’s first significant  concession to the conservatives; many similar steps were to follow,  including the war in Chechnya and the rampant evolution towards  authoritarianism. The Abkhazia war also signaled a return to imperial  notions of regional politics.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.1in; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.16in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Under the ideological and moral influence  of its nationalists, Georgia decided not to join the CIS, even after the  removal of Gamsakhurdia. But the significance of this move was more  symbolic than real, since Russia’s influence in Georgia was no less  powerful than in any other CIS member state. Despite its financial and  moral decay, the Russian army was still the most powerful military force  in Georgia. It was the main supplier, both by smuggling and by legal  transfers, of weapons to all belligerents and militias, including both  Abkhaz and Ossetian separatists, as well as to the Georgian regular  army. The headquarters of the Russian Transcaucasian Military District  (ZAKVO) were still in Tbilisi, and Georgia’s border with NATO member  Turkey was controlled by Russian border guards. In addition to Abkhazia  and South Ossetia, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Abashidze"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Aslan Abashidze</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, the leader of the autonomous Black Sea  province of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzharia"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Adjara</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">, closed the administrative border with the  rest of the country and with the help of Russian troops prevented the  central government’s forces from entering Adjaran territory. This  established Abashidze’s authoritarian, semi-separatist regime within the  region, and created long-term problems between the regional government  and the central authorities of Georgia. Near Batumi Russia stationed a  military contingent which for several years became a kind of private  army for Abashidze. Many Adjaran youths served in the Russian army’s  border forces as a way of avoiding conscription into the new national  army. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1993-1995 : Russian Hegemony and Pax  Russica </span></strong></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">By the end of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_%281992%E2%80%931993%29"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">the war</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> in Abkhazia, Russian Foreign Minister  Andrei Kozyrev declared at the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assembly"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">UN General Assembly</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> that “Russia realizes that no </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">international organization</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> or group of states can replace our </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">peacekeeping</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> efforts in this specific </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">post-Soviet space</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">.”<sup><a name="sdfootnote8anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote8sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">8</span></sup></a></sup> This was a clear  announcement, paradoxically expressed by the minister considered the  most Western-oriented in Russia’s recent history, that Russia’s main  priority was to restore its hegemony over the post-Soviet space. Lacking  resources and facing internal chaos, Russia could fulfill its new  doctrine only by sustaining its military bases and by supporting various  separatist movements, especially in less loyal neighboring countries  like Georgia, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and to some extent also, Ukraine. The  objective of this support was not the independence of the rebellious  provinces. Instead, by making itself the sole “peacekeeper” in the  conflicts which Moscow has itself fuelled,<strong> </strong>Russia could dominate  the newly independent states and prevent their rapprochement with the  West. Thus, the strategy of “peacekeeping” in the post-Soviet space  became “a neo-Byzantine version of piece keeping,” in Paul Goble’s  words. Unfortunately for the independence of post-Soviet states, no  international actor has tried to impede this process. On the contrary,  international organizations like the UN (in the case of Abkhazia) and  the OSCE (in the case of South Ossetia and Karabakh) <em>de facto</em> endorsed the role Russia had arrogated to itself. Yet a relatively minor  effort by the international community could have deterred Russia, which  at this time depended on foreign funds for its survival.<sup><a name="sdfootnote9anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote9sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">9</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Georgia became the most striking  manifestation of Russia’s new interventionist policy in the post-Soviet  space. In effect, Russia showcased its regional ambitions in Georgia,  which in the 1990s was easier to do because of the Georgians’ radical  and often unrealistic approach to regional issues. Georgia’s military  defeat in Abkhazia resulted in the near total collapse of Georgian  statehood. Civil war erupted in Western Georgia, where a returning  Gamsakhurdia and his followers achieved several victories in the fall of  1993, after which they started their advance towards the capital.  Humiliated and defeated, or “on his knees” as Russian analysts and  politicians liked to say, Shevardnadze was forced to accept the “aid” of  Russian troops and of Russia’s Black Sea Fleet. Only thanks to this was  Georgia able to stop the Zviadists’ progression and thereby retake  control of the major communication arteries of their country.<sup><a name="sdfootnote10anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote10sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">10</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">At the end of 1993, thus, Georgia had to  swallow the bitter pill of Russia’s peace terms. Despite fierce debates  in the Georgian parliament, Georgia entered the CIS on October 21, 1993,  and in February 1994, even joined the Collective Security Treaty, the  security organization that Moscow was building as a kind of post-Soviet  version of the Warsaw Pact. Shevardnadze had also to sign a military  agreement on “the status of the Russian troops in Georgia,” according to  which Russia was to maintain four military bases in the country. These  were in Vaziani, just outside Tbilisi; in Akhalkalaki in southern  Georgia; in Batumi; and in Gudauta, Abkhazia – in addition to the  headquarters of the ZAKVO in Tbilisi and the Border Guards along the  Turkish frontier. Boris Yeltsin visited Georgia in the beginning of  February 1994, to this day the only visit of a Russian president to the  sovereign Republic of Georgia. The visit resembled a review by a Roman  Emperor of one of his newly subjected <em>limes</em>. Russia obtained not  only the right to maintain its military bases in Georgia, but also  acquired unprecedented influence over the appointment of the three  “power ministers” in the Georgian government, that of Defense, Interior,  and Security (the former KGB). On February 4, Yeltsin and Shevardnadze  solemnized a treaty on Friendship and Cooperation which sealed Russia’s <em>de  facto</em> protectorate over Georgia. Regarding Abkhazia, Georgia had to  endorse a humiliating “joint appeal” with Russia to the Council of the  Heads of States of the CIS to send a peacekeeping force to Abkhazia.<sup><a name="sdfootnote11anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote11sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">11</span></sup></a></sup> Two months later,  in April 1994, the Georgian and Abkhaz leaderships signed the Moscow  Peace Agreement, entrusting<strong> </strong>to the Russian Federation the mandate  for Peacekeeping. The agreement also implied the return of more than  250,000 Georgian Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) to their homes, but  this point of the document was never implemented. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Georgia’s subjection to Russia had a very  negative impact on Georgia’s already timid cooperation with the West.  The only form of cooperation with the West that Russia initially  permitted Georgia to pursue was humanitarian and financial aid.<sup><a name="sdfootnote12anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote12sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">12</span></sup></a></sup> Russia jealously  supervised every move of the Georgian law enforcement and security  forces and was careful to prevent links between them and their Western  counterparts. Indeed, when an <span lang="en-GB">American Embassy  employee, CIA officer Fred Woodruff, managed to establish close links  with the Georgian president’s security service in 1993, he was killed  under circumstances that have yet to be clarified.</span> Vardiko  Nadibaidze, a Russian army general of Georgian origin and deputy  commander of ZAKVO, was appointed Minister of Defense in February 1994.<sup><a name="sdfootnote13anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote13sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">13</span></sup></a></sup> Meanwhile, Igor  Giorgadze, an experienced KGB officer and veteran of the Afghan war,  became Minister of State Security and grew in influence thereafter. The  third Russian protégé whose career leaped forward was Shota Kviraia, who  was named Minister of Interior. Although a Russian nominee, he was a  rival of Giorgadze’s, thus extending into post-Soviet Georgia the  traditional Soviet/Russian rivalry between the Ministry of Interior and  the KGB. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">With both its security and defense in the  hands of Russian appointees, the Georgian government took no steps to  move closer to NATO for several years. But despite this “good conduct,”  Georgia failed to receive any benefits from Russia in terms of steps  toward the restoration of its territorial integrity. There were two  direct meetings under Moscow’s aegis between Shevardnadze and the leader  of the Abkhaz secessionists, Vladislav Ardzinba: one meeting in Tbilisi  mediated by Russian Minister of Defense Pavel Grachev, and one in  Abkhazia arranged by Yevgeny Primakov, Russia’s Minister for Foreign  Affairs following Kozyrev’s demise. Yet both ended in failure,  officially because of Abkhaz intransigence.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">As far as the rebuilding of Georgia’s  military was concerned, Russia offered some time-worn military equipment  and promised to train Georgian officers in Russian military academies,  but actually admitted only a small number. Russia even failed to deliver  the twenty million rubles in aid (approximately $3 million at that  time) promised in the 1994 treaty. In spite of all this, Georgia tried  even harder to gain Russia’s benevolence as a necessary step towards  resolving its most significant problem, to reestablish its territorial  integrity. But for various reasons having mainly to do with its domestic  politics, Russia had no intention of abandoning Abkhazia. A bluntly  anti-Western nationalism was gaining momentum in Moscow, and political  leaders were disinclined to defy the military, who were emotionally and  economically committed to keeping Abkhazia under their firm control. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hoping that Russia, confronted with ethnic  separatism on its own territory, would became more understanding of  Georgia’s separatist problems, Shevardnadze publicly endorsed Russia’s  invasion of Chechnya in December 1994 and authorized Russian military  jets to use Georgian airspace. The Georgian leadership naively believed  that the active involvement of the Chechens in favor of the Abkhaz  secession from Georgia would influence Russia’s position on Abkhazia now  that the Chechens had become Russia’s bitter enemies. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;">Georgia’s  deferential behavior towards Moscow in these years sometimes verged on  the absurd. One incident that comes to mind was the improvised baptism  in Tbilisi of Russian Defense Minister Pavel Grachev, conducted in  person by the Catholicos (Patriarch) of the Georgian Orthodox Church,  with Vardiko Nadibaidze taking the role of a happy godfather.<sup><a name="sdfootnote14anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote14sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">14</span></sup></a></sup> Yet Grachev was  the person most frequently accused of being the main culprit behind  Georgia’s defeat in Abkhazia. Indeed, Shevardnadze himself had stated on  Georgian TV shortly after the defeat that “w<span lang="en">e lost the  war to a Russian general, we lost the war to Pavel Grachev.” Years later  after losing power, Shevardnadze declared the following to the Russian  newspaper </span><span lang="en"><em>Argumenty i Fakty:</em></span><span lang="en"> “Do you remember General Grachev? He called me and said,  ‘I’ll help you. But I have to bring two more divisions into Abkhazia.’ I  believed him and agreed. My defense minister and security minister were  right next to me. They resigned to protest my decision. And Grachev  changed his mind later on: ‘We can’t leave Abkhazia, </span><span lang="en-GB">because then we’d lose the Black Sea.’”</span><sup><a name="sdfootnote15anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote15sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">15</span></sup></a></sup> <span lang="en-GB">Grachev  also distinguished himself during the war in Abkhazia by accusing  Georgians of painting their aircraft with Russian insignia and bombing  their own cities.</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">This period of indenture<strong> </strong>to Russia  was also marked by the absence of real stabilization, in spite of the  often-heard claim that, thanks to the Russian protectorate, Georgia had  at least gained peace and stability. If the main Zviadist armed groups  were eliminated shortly after Gamsakhurdia’s death, many smaller groups  continued to threaten security in Mingrelia, which until 1995 was far  from pacified. Only after Shevardnadze launched a campaign of national  reconciliation did the situation improve in Western Georgia, but the  process of reconciliation was not completed until after Saakashvili came  to power. In the rest of Georgia, political assassinations were  frequent and many prominent politicians became victims of violent crime.<sup><a name="sdfootnote16anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote16sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">16</span></sup></a></sup> The newly<strong> </strong>reinforced  ministries of State Security and Interior had marginalized the various  militias, especially the <em>Mkhedrioni,</em> who lost ground in  1994-1995. But these two ministries now became the major threat to the  rule of law and respect for human rights. Police and KGB officials,  working in close partnership with criminal groups, became deeply  involved in international drug trafficking, racketeering, embezzlement,  and other destabilizing forms of corruption..</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1995-1999 :Drifting Apart</span></strong></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">As early as 1995, Shevardnadze had realized  that the evolution of Russian internal and external policies would  exclude the possibility of a profitable partnership between Moscow and  Georgia. Shevardnadze himself was increasingly under attack in Russia  perceived as one of the main gravediggers of the Soviet Union, an  unpardonable sin for a Russian political elite increasingly dominated by  revanchism. Hence the quasi-vassal relationship failed to bring any  real benefit to Georgia. On the contrary, Russia kept trying to weaken  Tbilisi through its continuous support for the secessionists and its  numerous attempts to undermine Georgian sovereignty. Underscoring the  fragility of the Georgian state, new centrifugal tendencies fuelled by  Russia appeared in Adjara and Javakheti, with its large population of  Armenians. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In this context, Georgia could only welcome  the slow awakening of the West, chiefly of the United States, to their  country and region. The <em>Pax Russica</em> of 1993-1994 in the Caucasus  had been a cold shower for decision-makers in Washington. The latter  were becoming increasingly aware of the strategic importance of the  Caucasus, as well as the importance of the energy resources of the  Caspian Sea and Central Asia. Even if these resources were  underexploited at the end of the Soviet era, or had fallen into disuse,  the idea of a new east-west energy corridor that did not cross Russian  territory was being formed. Moreover, such a corridor could itself  provide timely support for the new sovereignties in the region. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thus, the independence and stability of the  countries situated between Turkey and China’s western frontier was in  the interest of the United States. But before 1995, American involvement  in the region remained weak, as were forces in America advocating a  more active U.S. engagement there. It will be recalled that President  Clinton’s first term was marked by a “Russia-first” strategy, while the  peripheral countries of the post-Soviet area received much less  attention.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;">Shevardnadze  clearly understood this emerging opportunity. Although he had his hands  tied by militias and Russian-controlled security services, he prudently  started moving towards emancipating himself from Russian tutorship.  Thus, he began promoting a group of young and promising Western-educated  politicians inside the ruling Citizens Union of Georgia (CUG). Within a  few years, these became the most active and visible faction of the  party. He also surrounded himself with overtly pro-Western advisors, and  initiated the formation of parallel, and thereby competing, security  services. A key example was his Presidential Guard, trained by American  specialists.<sup><a name="sdfootnote17anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote17sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">17</span></sup></a></sup></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The failed assassination attempt against  Shevardnadze on August 29, 1995 marked a turning point. Shevardnadze had  already adopted a new constitution, which provided more substantial  powers to the presidency as opposed to the nationalist-dominated  parliament. The parliament, even though it symbolized Georgian  democracy, nevertheless blocked the passage of many crucial laws and was  constantly embroiled in making what amounted to rather childish  accusations against the president. Shevardnadze gained considerable  moral authority from having survived an attack on his life, which all  agreed had been initiated from Moscow. For the first time he alluded in  an interview directly to “some obscure forces in Russia”<sup><a name="sdfootnote18anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote18sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">18</span></sup></a></sup> that were trying  to destabilize Georgia and derail the great energy project, that is, the  Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline (BTC) – in which Georgia was so actively  participating. <span lang="en-GB">In a subsequent interview,  Shevardnadze claimed that President Yeltsin himself had warned him of  the “serious trouble” that could arise if he continued to support  alternative ways of bringing Caspian oil to European markets</span>. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The prime suspect in the attempt on  Shevardnadze’s life, Igor Giorgadze, precipitously left the country on a  Russian jet chartered for the purpose, whereas Ioseliani was arrested  and sentenced to ten years in prison. Only a few months earlier,  Kitovani had been arrested on his way to Abkhazia, accompanied by a few  hundred armed followers and a Russian colonel. The objectives of  Kitovani’s march remain unclear, but the maneuver was probably intended  to use the hope of recovering Georgian control over Abkhazia as a means  of plunging the country into a new round of instability. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">American involvement became more active  with the realization of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline project. Russia  vehemently criticized BTC, but so did certain Western experts, who  denounced it as being a solely political project designed to damage  Russia and, at the same time, reinforce America’s position in the  region. As late as the late 1990s, many of these experts continued to  write about the “absurdity” of the BTC project, referring to its  purported lack of economic feasibility and the alleged absence of  sufficient quantities of oil in the Caspian. Subsequent events have made  it clear that this criticism was itself politically motivated, and far  from disinterested. Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the idea  of a pipeline stretching from the Caspian via Turkey to Western markets  was very much supported by Ankara as well. Indeed, Süleyman Demirel  brought up the idea as early as in spring 1992, and the first memorandum  on what became the Baku-Ceyhan pipeline was signed in Ankara on March  9, 1993, in the midst of the fighting in Abkhazia and Karabakh. The  final agreements were also signed in Turkey in October (Ankara) and  November (Istanbul) of 1998. Thus, the independence of Georgia and  Azerbaijan vis-à-vis Russia had become as crucial for Turkey as for the  U.S. and the other BTC partners, including Azerbaijan, Norway, and Great  Britain. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Another factor that fostered Shevardnadze’s  drift to the West was the weakening of Russia caused by the Chechen  conflict. Despite the terrible cost in lives it inflicted and also paid  itself to keep Chechnya under its control, Russia practically lost the  first Chechen war of 1994-1996. The disastrous war in Chechnya resulted  in <em>de facto</em> Chechen independence, creating a quasi-state in  Chechnya that was interested in a neighborly relationship with Georgia,  its only link to the outside world. The pragmatic and moderate Chechen  leader Aslan Maskhadov took steps to improve Georgian-Chechen relations,  which had been significantly strained when Chechens had fought for the  Abkhaz during the war in Abkhazia. The Chechen vice-president Vakha  Arsanov, then Maskhadov himself, paid visits to Georgia. The latter  publicly presented Chechen apologies for the events in Abkhazia, and  made a commitment to severely punish any Chechen who would henceforth  participate in any action against Georgia; the Chechen leadership was  particularly deeply interested in building a road from Chechnya to  Georgia in order to end its isolation from the outside world. Georgians  welcomed the initiative publicly, but did little, being worried that  Chechen instability would spread south across the border. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Shevardnadze’s pro-Western shift was far  from a linear process. When Shevardnadze again narrowly survived an  assassination attempt in February 1998, the process appeared threatened.<sup><a name="sdfootnote19anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote19sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">19</span></sup></a></sup> Then in October  1998 a military mutiny sprang up, during which rioters from the National  Guard were clearly awaiting instructions from Moscow. Constant  provocations were also taking place in Javakheti and Adjara. For  example, in August 1998, several dozen armed local Armenians in  Javakheti <span lang="en-GB">forced Georgian armed units to turn back  from scheduled joint military drills with the Russian base at  Akhalkalaki</span>. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">With the appointment of Boris Berezovsky as  Executive Secretary of the CIS, Russia became more proactive in the  region. Berezovsky promoted the idea of an alternative pipeline from the  Caspian shores to Russia via Georgia and breakaway Abkhazia. To go  forward this would require a resolution of the Abkhaz problem between  Russia and Georgia. He also introduced some Russian companies into  Georgia, in order to extend Russian influence there by means other than  the military.<sup><a name="sdfootnote20anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote20sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">20</span></sup></a></sup> At the same time,  there were further attempts to pull Georgia into a fresh Abkhaz trap.  For example, during the May 1998 conflict in Gali, the southernmost part  of Abkhazia, Georgian authorities were given guarantees concerning  their probable recovery of the Gali region, but were again misled.<sup><a name="sdfootnote21anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote21sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">21</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1999-2003 : A new vicious circle in the  Georgia-Russia relationship</span></strong></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">At the end of 1990s and the beginning of  the 2000s, Georgia’s foreign relations presented a picture of extreme  contrasts. On the one hand, the country had become among the leading  beneficiaries of U.S. foreign aid per capita globally. On the other, its  biggest neighbor and former overlord was vigorously trying to undermine  Georgia’s sovereignty through acts of destabilization and to extend its  own influence there. One side was financing the formation of the  country’s military forces by an impressive influx of money and  specialists – <span lang="en-GB">in 2001-2002, American aid to the  Georgian army represented two-thirds of the country’s military budget.</span> Meanwhile, the other side sought to prevent Georgian nationals and  citizens living in Russia from sending their savings home to their  families. In fact, there is a certain irony to this picture in that the  former is a culturally and historically alien “Anglo-Saxon” superpower,  while the latter supposedly a “spiritually and sentimentally” close  Orthodox brother. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The second Chechen war began short after  Yeltsin and his informal circle, known as “the Family,” appointed a new  prime minister, Vladimir Putin. Russia fought this war with no less  cruelty than the first, but it presented a noticeable contrast to the  first war in terms of the Russian government’s motivation and  determination. This time Moscow demanded that Georgia offer its airspace  to the Russian air force and that it allow Russian border guards to  control the Georgians’ side of the Chechen-Georgian border. After asking  for a day’s delay for reflection, Shevardnadze refused Russia’s  request. He saw a serious risk that the Chechen conflict might be  expanded onto Georgian territory. Besides, bitter experience had taught  the Georgian leadership that additional Russian troops on Georgian  territory could be used as a Trojan Horse. Georgia’s refusal infuriated  the Russian leadership, and Georgia became the target of Russian verbal  and, later, physical attacks as Russian jets bombed the Georgian side of  the border. Moscow accused Georgia, moreover, of serving as a transit  country for global Islamist networks that were sending forces into  Chechnya, and also of supplying weapons to the Chechen rebels. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Russia never presented any credible  evidence on Georgia’s alleged involvement on the side of the Chechens.  But the accusations served to exonerate the Russian army for its  failures during the first year-and-a-half of the operation. It was also  useful to Moscow to have tarnished Georgia’s international reputation by  endlessly representing it as at best a failed state that could not  secure its borders, and at worst as a rogue state in league with  terrorists. Russian accusations sometimes went to ludicrous extremes,  as, for example, when Moscow claimed that Osama Bin Laden was hiding in  the Pankisi gorge.<sup><a name="sdfootnote22anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote22sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">22</span></sup></a></sup> Russian military  spokesmen regularly announced the presence in Pankisi gorge of hundreds,  if not thousands, of jihadi fighters, especially Taliban. Russian  aircraft bombed several Georgian mountain villages, on one occasion  causing casualties, and Russian civil authorities unilaterally redrew  the Chechen portion of the Russian-Georgian border, advancing the line  deeper into Georgian territory.<sup><a name="sdfootnote23anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote23sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">23</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB">Russian</span><span lang="en-GB"> comparisons between the  situation in Pankisi and Peshawar in the 1980s or Qandahar in the 1990s  were hyperbole, but the situation in Pankisi was far from ideal. Among  the 12,000 Chechen refugees in the valley, there were several hundred  fighters and even some foreign Islamist combatants. However, their  attitude was rather low-key. Criminal groups, some of them with combat  experience in Chechnya, were a bigger problem. They were responsible for  most of the abductions and drug trafficking that flourished in the  valley. These groups were involved in a sort of criminal joint venture  with corrupt Georgian interior ministry officials, and served as  “subcontractors” for drug deals and the extraction of ransom money. The  Ministry of Internal Affairs and its police pretended not to control the  valley, blaming the “Chechen fighters” for the lawlessness there. In  reality, the police were themselves involved in kidnappings and drug  trafficking, with local bands acting as implementers. The senior police  official in charge of the Ministry’s anti-terrorist department was  dismissed for such activities, revealing that complicity permeated to  the very top levels of government. </span></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">September 11, 2001 changed the game, as it<sup> </sup>enabled Russia to redefine the war in Chechnya as a struggle  against international terrorism, and to ape America’s military  intervention in Afghanistan and then Iraq. In the process, Georgia  became a vivid illustration of what Russia’s revived ambitions as a  great power meant in practice.<sup><a name="sdfootnote24anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote24sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">24</span></sup></a></sup> Not surprisingly,  Moscow opposed Georgia’s request to the OSCE to create a border  monitoring mission on the Chechen portion of its border with Russia.  This would have not only put a stop to Russian allegations but might  also have proven that the goal of all such accusations was to justify  some future military intervention on Georgian territory.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In the end, Moscow’s exaggerated claims  that the Pankisi valley had become one of the world’s most dangerous  centers of terrorism led to disastrous consequences not for Georgia but  for Russia itself. By constantly alluding to the presence of Al-Qaeda or  Taliban elements in Pankisi, Russian leaders aroused America’s interest  in this region. Foreseeing a Russian military intervention in Georgia  “to bring order” and “fight terrorists,” the U.S. in April 2002  pre-empted Russia by announcing a significant bilateral military  cooperation program with Georgia, called the Georgia Train and Equip  Program (GTEP). The State Department announced this $64 million project  as a response “to the Government of Georgia’s request for assistance to  enhance its counter-terrorism capabilities and address the situation in  the Pankisi Gorge.” In the GTEP framework, between 150 and 200 American  military trainers were supposed to arrive in Georgia. Russia could  scarcely oppose a counter-terrorist operation directed against targets  that were impeding its own war in Chechnya and for which it had itself  been asking for some time, however much it resented the fact that a  contingent of American military trainers would soon arrive in Georgia.  In the end, Russia got what it least wanted: an American military  presence close to its borders. These developments strongly reinforced  the Russians’ conclusion that Shevardnadze had become hopelessly  pro-American, and consequently an arch-enemy of Russia.</span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Apart from the Chechen war, many other  issues during Shevardnadze’s last term in office contributed to the  mounting tension in Russian-Georgian relations. Georgia’s efforts to  build an independent and sovereign state deeply irritated Moscow, as did  the unresolved state of affairs in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, where  Russia was unwilling to concede anything. Seeing no evolution in  Russia’s position, the Georgian leadership grew ever more dissatisfied  with the conditions that Moscow had imposed on these areas in the early  1990s. In particular, Georgian leaders increasingly viewed Russia’s  military presence on Georgian soil as a destabilizing element. The long  process of ridding the country of Russia’s military presence began with  the adoption, in April 1997, of a new law that called for Georgia to  take full control of its national borders by the end of 1999. Russian  maritime border guards were the first to leave, in the summer of 1998,  and a year later Georgia took control of its border with Turkey.  Critically important assistance from Turkey, Ukraine, and the United  States enabled Georgia’s Department of Border Control Forces to assume  these responsibilities effectively.<sup><a name="sdfootnote25anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote25sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">25</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1999, Tbilisi for the first time  mustered the courage to announce its intention to close the Russian  military bases on its territory. To this end, Georgia first left the  Russian-dominated Collective Security Treaty in April 1999. Then in  September 1999, Zurab Zhvania, the Chairman of Parliament and  Shevardnadze’s then heir apparent, declared that the day was close when  Georgia would be free of the “foreign military presence.” At the OSCE  summit in Istanbul two months later Russia was told to dismantle two of  its military bases in Georgia and to find a solution for the remaining  two before July 2001.<sup><a name="sdfootnote26anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote26sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">26</span></sup></a></sup> Long and difficult  negotiations took place on the fate of the two remaining bases. Ten  rounds and two years of negotiations later, Russia was still insisting  on a period of fifteen years and on hundreds of millions of dollars in  compensation to enable it to build accommodation for the evacuated  military and their families. In parallel, Russia was pushing Javakheti  Armenians and some local political groups close to Russia to support the  continuance of the base in Akhalkalaki and to blackmail the Georgian  government with possible revolts.<sup><a name="sdfootnote27anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote27sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">27</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In spite of these difficulties, the  November 1999 OSCE summit in Istanbul marked a high point in the  diplomacy of the Shevardnadze era. The process that followed revealed  clearly that Russia was less concerned with the preservation of its  decaying and militarily ineffective bases in Georgia than with impeding  Georgia’s steady rapprochement with NATO. It was therefore no surprise  that U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen’s offer to cover part of  the cost of removing the Russian bases was met in Moscow with silence.<sup><a name="sdfootnote28anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote28sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">28</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Most observers interpreted Georgia’s  decision to close Russian bases on its territory as a major blow to  Moscow’s interests in the Caucasus. Georgia’s action would have ended  nearly two centuries of Russian military presence there, broken only by  the brief period of independence in 1918-21. Russia responded by  requiring all Georgian citizens working in Russia or visiting there to  get visas. Even though most Jihadi fighters in Chechnya arrived via  Central Asia and not Georgia, Moscow rationalized the visa regime as a  step to keep out foreign terrorists. Had Russia really wanted to stop  the inflow of foreign fighters, it would have had first to stamp out  corruption in its own law enforcement bodies, which turned a blind eye  to such movements – for a price. The decision on visas was part of a  long-standing Russian plan to use the Georgian Diaspora in Russia as a  tool for pressuring Tbilisi. It had been hatched by Sergey Ivanov, at  the time head of Russia’s National Security Council and a notorious hawk  in regard to Georgia.<sup><a name="sdfootnote29anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote29sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">29</span></sup></a></sup> Ivanov in turn had  picked up the idea from one Felix Stanevski, a former Russian  ambassador in Georgia, who argued from the very beginning that Georgia  was inevitably Russia’s enemy, and that Georgian elites were, so far as  almost genetically, Russophobes .<sup><a name="sdfootnote30anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote30sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">30</span></sup></a></sup> </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The idea behind Russia’s new visa law was  that without the money sent by Georgian expatriates in Russia, Georgia  would be driven to bankruptcy and Shevardnadze’s government would  collapse.<sup><a name="sdfootnote31anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote31sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">31</span></sup></a></sup> But it turned out  that the entire project was based on erroneous data. The Russian  political elite wrongly assumed that “millions of Georgians”<sup><a name="sdfootnote32anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote32sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">32</span></sup></a></sup> lived in Russia  and that their remittances were supporting<strong> </strong>the rest of the  Georgian population. In reality, only half a million Georgians lived in  Russia; this represented barely one-third of the numbers of Armenians or  Azerbaijanis. Also, the authors of the measure underestimated the  readiness of their own corrupt lower officials to make deals to enable  Georgians to stay in Russia. In the end, the visa law had only a modest  impact on Georgia. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">But Russia’s visa legislation had one very  damaging consequence for Georgia. For “humanitarian reasons,” the visas  were not required of residents of Georgia’s secessionist provinces of  Abkhazia and South Ossetia. By this move, the Kremlin was clearly  challenging Georgia’s territorial integrity.<sup><a name="sdfootnote33anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote33sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">33</span></sup></a></sup> Today, with  hindsight, it is easy to identify this as the first step in Russia’s  effort to annex Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The next step was to be the  broadside distribution of Russian passports in these regions. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Saving “Private Shevardnadze“: Moscow’s  paradoxical attempt to help the Kremlin’s foe to keep power during the  Rose Revolution</span></strong></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">It may appear illogical that in November  2003, when the Rose Revolution was on the lip of succeeding in unseating  Shevardnadze, it was Russia that attempted to prop up the rule of  Edward Shevardnadze, even though Russians despised him for his role in  the collapse of the USSR and his later apostasy to Georgia. But suddenly  the preservation of Shevardnadze’s presidency became Moscow’s immediate  priority in Georgia. Putin hurriedly sent to Tbilisi his Minister of  Foreign Affairs, Igor Ivanov. His stated task was to resolve the crisis  and preserve Shevardnadze’s presidency. This erratic move suggests the  great disarray in Russia’s Caucasus policy at the time. With no larger  strategy, Russia blindly supported the one person who might have been  desperate enough to accept Russian backing. The Kremlin doubtless  recalled the events of 1993, when the defeated Georgian army was fleeing  Sukhumi. Shevardnadze, who was at the mercy of raiding secessionist and  Zviadist bands, was rescued by the Russian military. Now, a decade  later, a powerless Shevardnadze would have again been forced to accept  Russian hegemony, abandon his pro-Western political orientation, forget  about NATO and the EU, and appoint Russian nominees to key security  positions. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;">It  is worth noting parenthetically that Moscow has frequently chosen to  back desperate losers. In 2004 and 2009 the Kremlin backed the besieged  leader of the Moldovan Communists, Yuri Voronin, even though Voronin  subsequently failed at times to play his assigned role of obedient  vassal. Moscow also extended help to Uzbek President Islam Karimov after  the brutal repression of a revolt in Andijan in 2005. Karimov had  become an international pariah, so the tactic to offer support appeared  expedient in binding Tashkent closer to Moscow. But Karimov, too, was  quick to throw out the script that Moscow had assigned him, and seized  the first opportunity that arose to once again diversify his foreign  policy.<sup><a name="sdfootnote34anc" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote34sym"><sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">34</span></sup></a></sup></span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Whatever Moscow’s doubts about  Shevardnadze, they paled to insignificance compared with its loathing of  what have come to be known as “color revolutions.” One of the main  theses of Putin’s “sovereign democracy” and “vertical of power” is the  ideological assertion that Western-style liberal democracy cannot work  outside of the geographical zone where it arose. Such Kremlin  ideologists as Vladislav Surkov and Gleb Pavlovski invoke this argument  to denigrate the chances of success for liberal democracy outside the  Western world. According to their logic, any attempt to establish a  democratic system beyond the borders of the Euro-Atlantic world cannot  be “natural” and must therefore be the result of a Western conspiracy,  and an intrusion into the natural order of things symbolized by Russia. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Obviously, then, the <em>successful</em> grafting of democracy onto a post-Soviet country would pose a  fundamental challenge to Moscow’s world view. No wonder that Russian  leaders depicted the Rose Revolution not as an expression of popular  will but as the playing out of an American plan for regime change.  Russia’s insistence on the American sponsorship of the Rose Revolution  found some echo in the Western media, which greatly overestimated  American support for Mikheil Saakashvili in November 2003. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Some circles in the U.S. supported the Rose  Revolution from the very beginning, among them the Open Society  Institute and the Project on Transitional Democracies. But the State  Department clearly wanted Shevardnadze to continue in office until the  end of his term. During the summer of 2003, former Secretary of State  James Baker, a personal friend of Shevardnadze, traveled to Georgia to  persuade Shevardnadze to distance himself from a new political group,  the “Alliance for a New Georgia (ANG),” which had been formed by some  highly controversial figures from the worlds of government and business.  The purpose of Baker’s mission was to avoid the instability that could  result from a rigged victory by the ANG. Only later did the Americans  come to support the Rose Revolution, when they effectively backed its  efforts to fight corruption, restore the state’s authority, and so  forth. It was doubtless attractive for Washington to be able to speak of  an “American-sponsored success story” but such support that occurred  later was by no means forthcoming during the revolution itself. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The support Shevardnadze garnered from  Russia and its regional allies, including his own former rival Aslan  Abashidze, was not enough to maintain him in power. Neither the state  power structures nor the president himself were prepared to use force to  suppress the movement demanding Shevardnadze’s resignation. The  president resigned on November 23. Igor Ivanov subsequently tried to  present himself as one of the architects of the peaceful solution to the  crisis. </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><em><strong>Conclusion</strong></em> </span></span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /> <span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">During the ten years of Shevardandze’s  leadership, Georgia moved from a condition of quasi-domination by Russia  to become one of the largest beneficiaries <span style="text-decoration: underline;">per capita</span> of aid  from the United States. The country paid a high price for its attachment  to independence, however. Under Shevardnadze, Georgia lost control of  Abkhazia and a significant part of South Ossetia. Two major  assassination attempts threatened the president, while society was  wrecked by two mutinies and countless plots to destabilize the  government. Without underestimating the local dimensions of each of  these crises, it is not difficult to discern the hand of Russia in all  of them. Successively, Shevardnadze sought to reckon with this threat by  engaging successfully in a policy of deference, then a policy of  balance, and overall by taking a very cautious approach to Russia’s  interests. Yet all of these failed to avoid the effects of a Russian  policy that can best be described as “all stick and no carrot.” </span></p>\r\n<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.49in;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">All the problems relating to Russia that  Georgia has had to bear under Saakashvili’s leadership were already  present during the presidency of Shevardnadze. Clearly, the personality  of any given Georgian leader is not the main determinant of bilateral  relations between the two countries. Shevardnadze was lucky enough to  face a relatively weak and chaotic Russia, but he also failed to build a  strong and modern state. A more solid Georgia, free of a corrupt state  administration, could have resisted Russian pressure more efficiently.  The years that followed the Rose Revolution showed that a solid economy  and a solid state structure can resist even stronger pressures than  those of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s. Russia’s energy  blackmail of 2001, probably the most effective weapon that Moscow could  deploy against Georgia, might have been less devastating had the  Georgian bureaucracy been less corrupt and if Georgian officials were  not themselves benefiting from the situation. Georgia needed not only a  wise and experienced leader who perfectly understood its adversary, but  also very deep societal and cultural transformation. </span></p>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote1">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote1sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote1anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> Jaba Ioseliani, </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Sami  Ganzomileba</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, Tbilisi: Azri, 1999. Later  Kitovani initiated war in Abkhazia, when despite an order coming from  President Shevardnadze to deploy troops only along the roads, his battle  units entered the town of Sukhumi. In 1995 Kitovani, together with a  colonel of the Russian army, attempted another march on Abkhazia. He was  arrested on his way to Abkhazia by the Georgian police. After his  release in 1998, Kitovani moved in Russia and lived under the protection  of the FSB. He periodically appeared in pro-Kremlin Russian media as an  “expert” on Georgian affairs. </span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote2">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote2sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote2anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">2</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> In the quest for a  providential leader who would have been acceptable for the majority of  Georgian society, non-Zviadist nationalists first tried to convince the  representative of the Georgian royal family living in Spain – Jorje  Bagration Y Mukhrani – to come back to the country. After the refusal of  the latter, they had to support Shevardnadze’s candidacy. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote3">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote3sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote3anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">3</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en">It should be recalled that George  H.W. Bush’s adminstration tacitly endorsed</span><span lang="en"><strong> </strong></span><span lang="en">the Russian sponsored coup against Gamsakhurdia.</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote4">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote4sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote4anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">4</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> For example, the only serious  factor that played in the process of elaboration of the American  position in the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan, were the efforts  deployed by the Armenian Diaspora, which through its lobby in Congress  obtained the adoption of amendment 907, which banned American public  economic and military aid to Azerbaijan.</span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote5">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote5sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote5anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">5</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> There is much evidence of the  direct involvement of the regular Russian armed forces in fighting  against the Georgian army, such as the Russian military plane downed in  Sukhumi in winter 1993, or the capture of several acting officers of the  Russian Army by the Georgians as prisoners of war. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote6">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote6sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote6anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">6</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> A few days after the fall of  Sukhumi, Shevardnadze, sharply criticised in the Georgian parliament,  declared that the capture of Sukhumi by rebels was planned and  elaborated by the Russian officers stationed in Gudauta military base. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote7">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote7sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote7anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">7</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Through the 1990s,  Shevardnadze and other Georgian officials were used to opposing  “democratic and reactionary Russias”. Georgia was officially at war with  the “reactionary Russia,” whereas the “democratic Russia” was supposed  to be supportive of Georgia. This dual nature of the Russian elite was  partly a fiction of Georgian politicians who wanted to see a part of  Russian establishment in their camp. Unfortunately for Georgia, Russian  liberals had no word in Moscow’s policies towards the “near abroad,”  with the topic being more or less consciously abandoned to the hawkish  conservatives. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote8">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote8sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote8anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">8</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> “In Russia’s shadow,” </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Time</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, October 11, 1993</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote9">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote9sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote9anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">9</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> In 1994 Russia had received  $12 billion in direct financial aid from the IMF and the World Bank. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote10">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote10sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote10anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">10</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> In his desperate address,  Shevardnadze also called on his Armenian and Azerbaijani counterparts to  secure Georgia’s main transit roads. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote11">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote11sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote11anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">11</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> The </span>Council of the Heads of States of the CIS <span lang="en-GB">responded positively to the joint appeal, demanding that  CIS member states send their troops to Abkhazia. In the meantime Russian  troops stationed in Abkhazia (troops that actually participated in  fighting against the Georgian army) received the status of CIS  Peace-Keeping Force in Abkhazia.</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote12">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote12sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote12anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">12</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Russia’s Ministry of Foreign  Affairs even suggested to the UN in the summer of 1994 that it allocate  funds for financing its mission in Abkhazia.</span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote13">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote13sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote13anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">13</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Nadibaidze didn’t even speak  Georgian properly and was clearly not the person who could build-up a  modern- style Georgian national army from scratch. While serving at  ZAKVO, he was in charge of supplies. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote14">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote14sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote14anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">14</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> The same awkwardness  characterized Georgian attempts to capitalize on the emotional level  recalling that Primakov had spent his childhood in Tbilisi; that  Kirienko (Russian prime minister after Chernomyrdin) was born in  Sukhumi; and that Igor Ivanov had a Georgian mother. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote15">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote15sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote15anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">15</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Argumenty I Fakty</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, July 2, 2005. </span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote16">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote16sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote16anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">16</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Thus Giorgi Tjanturia, the  leader of the National Democratic Party, and Soliko Khabeishvili –  Shevardnadze’s close friend and the president of his foundation – were  the two most famous examples of assassinated politicians. Giorgi  Qarqarashvili, former defence minister, was also targeted, but he  miraculously survived his injuries. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote17">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote17sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote17anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">17</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> In 1995, according to a close  collaborator of Shevardnadze, Igor Giorgadze had already alerted Russia  that Georgian secret services were on the brink of being totally  controlled by the Americans. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote18">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote18sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote18anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">18</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Shevardnadze TV interview,  August 29, 1995. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote19">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote19sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote19anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">19</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> The president survived again,  and while all fingers again pointed at Russia, Primakov publicly made  ironical remarks about the assassination attempt. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote20">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote20sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote20anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">20</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> For example, he backed the Russian company </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Industriya</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> to buy Georgian  Manganese mines in Tjiatura. The memorandum was signed but the company  failed to pay the determined amount.</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote21">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote21sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote21anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">21</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> As a result, 40,000 Georgian  returnees to Gali became refugees for the second time and more than 100  people were killed. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote22">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote22sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote22anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">22</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> At the end of 2001, Igor  Ivanov, based on dubious information from a supposed driver of the  leader of Al-Qaeda, declared that Osama Bin Laden was possibly hiding in  the Pankisi Gorge in Georgia. Half-joking and half-mockingly,  Shevardnadze launched a checking operation in the valley, starting from  the house of Ivanov’s family (the latter’s mother is originally from  Pankisi). </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote23">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote23sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote23anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">23</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Russia sent a paratrooper  division to the Itum-Kale district of Chechnya in the winter of 2000,  which took control of the border with Georgia. The paratroopers occupied  a Georgian hamlet of Pitchvni where they established their post. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote24">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote24sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote24anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">24</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> See Thornike Gordadze :  « Géorgie : l’Irak du pauvre » (Georgia : Irak for the poor), Le Figaro,  21 October 2002. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote25">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote25sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote25anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">25</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> The American contribution was  the most important. In 1999, Georgia received several combat  helicopters from the U.S. The amount of American aid to this department  attained $50 million. This was the first case of successful cooperation  between the two countries in the military domain. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote26">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote26sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote26anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">26</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Russia decided to choose the  Vaziani and Gudauta bases for tactical reasons. Vaziani was a military  air-base close to Tbilisi and under the Soviet regime it was designed  for control of the southern airspace (in the direction of Turkey and the  Middle East). It had no strategic importance for the control of  Georgia. Gudauta was in Abkhazia and the Georgians had no possibility to  verify if the base was really closed and, in fact, despite Russian  commitment, Gudauta base has never been dismantled. It continues to be  used in 2009. Batumi and Akhalkalaki bases are of no big military  importance either, but they were situated in more “sensitive” regions of  Georgia (Adjara and Javakheti), where in case of need they could have  been used to destabilizes Georgia. Moreover, these two bases were closed  in 2007 with no resistance from Russia, because seeing Abashidze ousted  from power in Adjara and state control reinforced in Javakheti, keeping  them was becoming an unaffordable luxury. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote27">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote27sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote27anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">27</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Some groundless rumors about  the probable opening of Turkish military bases in Armenian populated  regions of Georgia were spread by some “trustworthy sources,” provoking  local Armenians’ indignation and protest. By the same manner, Abkhaz  children and women were suggested to lie down on the railway close to  Gudauta, in order to prevent the evacuation of the Russian base.</span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote28">\r\n<p><a name="sdfootnote28sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote28anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">28</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> This possibility was raised  by William Cohen during his visit to the South Caucasus in July 1999. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote29">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote29sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote29anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">29</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> Segey Ivanov is famous for his sharp phrases on Georgia.  As a symptomatic illustration of this tendency one could quote his (at  that time already Russian Minister of Defense) comment on Georgia’s  desire to join NATO : “Georgia can join any international organisation  it wants, even the league of Sexual minorities,” see </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Vremya Novostej</em></span><span lang="en-GB">, September  20, 2002.</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote30">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote30sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote30anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">30</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> The former ambassador reiterated his vision in a recent  interview to the radio station </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Ekho Moskvy</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> on April 25, 2009. </span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote31">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote31sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote31anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">31</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Stanevski stated many times  that Russia was the greatest supplier of financial aid to Georgia,  introducing a rather strange approach and definition of “economic aid”:  he proposed categorizing as aid the money that Georgians working in  Russia sent annually back to Georgia. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote32">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote32sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote32anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">32</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> See interview of Sergei Ivanov to </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>Vlast’</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> January 2002</span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote33">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote33sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote33anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">33</span></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Initially, some Georgian  analysts and politicians talked about the possible positive consequences  of the Russian decision. They naively believed that the residents of  Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region would have been obliged to come to  Tbilisi to obtain Russian visas and that move would have had an  unexpectedly positive effect on the reintegration of the separatist  provinces. </span></span></p>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id="sdfootnote34">\r\n<p align="justify"><a name="sdfootnote34sym" href="../website/mambots/editors/jce/jscripts/tiny_mce/blank.htm#sdfootnote34anc"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #999999; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">34</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span lang="en-GB"> Even the tiny and almost totally controlled Abkhazia  defied in 2004 a unilateral and blunt attempt of Moscow to impose a KGB  officer as a </span><span lang="en-GB"><em>de facto</em></span><span lang="en-GB"> president of the breakaway region against the more  popular, and supposedly more independent minded Sergei Bagapsh. </span></span></span></span></p>\r\n</div>', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', '2010-04-06 12:04:00', 62, '', 0, '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, '2010-04-06 12:04:00', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, '', '', '', '', 198, 'catItemTitle=\ncatItemTitleLinked=\ncatItemFeaturedNotice=\ncatItemAuthor=\ncatItemDateCreated=\ncatItemRating=\ncatItemImage=\ncatItemIntroText=\ncatItemExtraFields=\ncatItemHits=\ncatItemCategory=\ncatItemTags=\ncatItemAttachments=\ncatItemAttachmentsCounter=\ncatItemVideo=\ncatItemVideoWidth=\ncatItemVideoHeight=\ncatItemVideoAutoPlay=\ncatItemImageGallery=\ncatItemDateModified=\ncatItemReadMore=\ncatItemCommentsAnchor=\n =Advanced\ncatItemK2Plugins=\nitemDateCreated=\nitemTitle=\nitemFeaturedNotice=\nitemAuthor=\nitemFontResizer=\nitemPrintButton=\nitemEmailButton=\nitemSocialButton=\nitemVideoAnchor=\nitemImageGalleryAnchor=\nitemCommentsAnchor=\nitemRating=\nitemImage=\nitemImgSize=\nitemImageMainCaption=\nitemImageMainCredits=\nitemIntroText=\nitemFullText=\nitemExtraFields=\nitemDateModified=\nitemHits=\nitemTwitterLink=\nitemCategory=\nitemTags=\nitemShareLinks=\nitemAttachments=\nitemAttachmentsCounter=\nitemRelated=\nitemRelatedLimit=\nitemVideo=\nitemVideoWidth=\nitemVideoHeight=\nitemVideoAutoPlay=\nitemVideoCaption=\nitemVideoCredits=\nitemImageGallery=\nitemNavigation=\nitemComments=\nitemAuthorBlock=\nitemAuthorImage=\nitemAuthorDescription=\nitemAuthorURL=\nitemAuthorEmail=\nitemAuthorLatest=\nitemAuthorLatestLimit=\nitemK2Plugins=\n\n', '', 'robots=\nauthor=', '', '');
