<h3><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>PENEO </strong><br /></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><span style="color: #888888;">Neolithic Economic Platform for  South West Asia</span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #888888;"> Plateforme Economique NEOlithique pour  l’Asie du Sud-Ouest</span></h3>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">CEDRIC BODET    <strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/cv cedric bodet english.pdf"><span style="color: #800000;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">CV english</span></span></a> <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/cv cedric bodet franais.pdf"><span style="color: #800000;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">français</span></span></a></strong><br /></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Thesis</strong> </span><span style="color: #888888;">- Cédric Bodet 2008 -</span><span style="color: #888888;">L’apparition de l’élevage en Anatolie: un  reflet de la structure économique et sociale du  Néolithique d’Asie Antérieure . Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.</span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #888888;"> click here to download the thesis :<strong> </strong><strong><a href="../website/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/these-vol1.pdf" target="_self">volume 1 (texte)</a></strong><strong> </strong>et <strong><a href="../website/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/these-vol2.pdf" target="_self">volume 2 (illustrations)</a></strong></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Articles - </strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">Bodet C. 2009 - </span><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/herding-in-sw-asia.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Emergences of animal husbandry in South West Asia : an insight of Neolithic social structures</span></a></strong>. <em>Peneo 09</em>: 1-30.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">Bodet C. 2010 - </span><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/farming-in-neolithic-cyprus.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Advent of farming in Neolithic Cyprus: a reflection of the mainland, a reflection on society</span></strong></a>. <span style="color: #888888;"><em>Peneo 10</em>: 1-27.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">Bodet C. 2011 - </span><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/the-ideological-gap.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The ideological gap, or the diffusion of Neolithic farming from the Middle Euphrates to Central Anatolia.</span></strong></a> <span style="color: #888888;"><em>Peneo 11: </em>1-24<em>.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">Bodet C. 2002 -</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/obsidian orient-express.pdf">Remarks on the end of the Çayönü Culture</a>.</strong></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"> <em>Orient-Express</em> 2002/2: 47-51.</span></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><strong>Charts - </strong></strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">2008 - <strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/herding-in-sw-asia.pdf"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Emergence of herding in the Near East.</span></span></a></strong> From Bodet 2008 (see below).<strong><strong><br /></strong></strong></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><strong> </strong></strong></span></h4>
<h4><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Presentation</strong><br /></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">A  bird’s eye view on human history informs us that the structure of early  human societies evolves along a rather uniform sequence. From the  ‘primitive communist’ stage (following Testart’s terminology), they  gradually advance towards the 'Agricultural Domestic Community' form  (following Meillassoux’s). The Neolithisation process stands in between.  It is, in itself, not a stable social stage, but a transition from the  former to the latter and, as such, cannot be easily defined. Studying it  consists in identifying, for each sub-period, what is left of the  pre-existing structure and what has evolved towards the following one.  To pursue this aim, a specific methodology is to be followed. Before  getting started, it is important that cultural specificities (that do  not respond to any sociological determinism) are left aside, so as to  concentrate on the society’s invisible but underlying structure (Forest  2006). This can best be grasped from the perspective of the economic  infrastructure (relations of production, and ultimately, the mode of  production), which invariably shapes the superstructure (ideology,  kinship patterns, rules, etc.) of every human society. The fact that  Neolithisation is fundamentally an economic transition (with the advent  and the integration of agriculture and herding) thus hints at the  importance of this period in the evolution of human social structures.  Based on economic grounds, this research finally aims at uncovering the  relations of production, modified as they are by the advent of this new  mode of production.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">The  extent of the task is immense and it can only reach its goal by  synthesizing the data from several fields, in particular ethnology (for  the insight on living social constructions), archaeology (for the  chronological perspective) and animal genetics (as hints of production  intensity). The estimation of an ancient society’s level of production  is a preliminary must for a researcher working on a vanished community.  He consequently relies on the results of archaeobotanists and  archaeozoologists. Identifying the genetic state of the resources,  between wild and domestic, these specialists give a unique hint as to  the type of production, between hunting/gathering, sporadic  cultivation/herding or intense farming. Once the economic intensity  roughly determined, the next step consists in finding a reliable analogy  in similar societies known from the ethnological repertoire. This is  clearly the only doorway to the structures of each type of past  societies, in particular those deprived of writing. The essence of this  research indeed lies in a multidisciplinary approach.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">The  framework of the research is as such: the time frame roughly covers the 10 000 and 6000 BC</span><span style="color: #888888;"> time-span</span><span style="color: #888888;">, but can occasionally extend in both directions. The chronology <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/chronology peneo.pdf"><span style="color: #993366;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></span></a>used </span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><span style="color: #888888;">is based on the Euphratean  archaeological sequence </span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/chronology peneo.pdf"><span style="color: #993366;"><span style="color: #000000;"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(chart)</span></span></a></span><span style="color: #888888;">, as it is the best known, the longest, and one  where the neolithisation process can be tracked down to its very roots;  provided that local cultural specificities do not interfere, it is used, when needed, as an economic supra-regional reference. As for the  geographical frame </span><span style="color: #888888;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/carte-cedric.jpg"><span style="color: #993300;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(map</span></span></a></span><span style="color: #888888;"><span style="color: #993300;">)</span>, we are concerned with South-West Asia</span><span style="color: #888888;">,</span><span style="color: #888888;"> which is divided into 7 main <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geography peneo.pdf"><span style="color: #993366;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">regions</span></span></a>: East  Taurus, Central Anatolia, North Levant, South Levant, Eastern Jezirah  and the Zagros. The animal economic reference is displayed in the thesis  (vol. 2, fig. 162) and the general <span style="color: #993300;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/tableau-discussions.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">chart </span></a></span>can be seen below. The chart for the plant economy is under construction.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">By  analyzing specific regions and by comparing their different economic  data, the evolution of internal social relations within the area of the  production (who does what, who takes what) and its ideological  repercussions (gradual liberalization from primitive egalitarianism)  have begun to be unveiled and to form a coherent social system.  Consistent English summaries of the thesis can be found in the attached  articles. The picture of a human sphere sliding gradually towards a more  intensified form of production appears driven by very incipient forms  of human exploitation and, in the background, by a growing sense of  individualism.</span></p>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #888888;">Cédric Bodet, 2009</span><br /><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></div>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #888888;">cedric.bodet@mailcity.com<br /></span></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #888888;">Bibliography</span></span></p>
<div><span style="color: #888888;">Forest J.-D.,</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #888888;">2006                      Le processus de neolithisation proche oriental: pour une archéologie sans frontières. <em>Syria</em> 83 : 125-38</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #888888;">Meillassoux C.,</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #888888;">1991                      <em>Femmes, Greniers et  Capitaux </em>(2<sup>e</sup> ed.). Paris : L’harmattan.</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #888888;">Testart A.,</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #888888;">1985                      <em>Le Communisme Primitif.  Economie et Idéologie</em>. Paris: Maison des sciences de l’homme.</span></div>
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<p align="justify"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/tableau-discussions.jpg"><span style="color: #800000;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Emergence of herding</strong></span></span></a><strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/tableau-discussions.jpg"><span style="color: #800000;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> in the Near Eastern Neolithic: a chart (2008).</span></span></a><br /></strong></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;">The analyses undertook for my doctoral thesis,  allowed to set up a provisional chart of the invention and the  intensification of animal domestication during the Neolithic period of  the Near East. In this chart, the type of human/animal relationship is  determined for every subphase of the Neolithic period and for every  (sub)region of South-West Asia concerned with<em> </em>prime  neolithisation. This determination follows a set of consideration,  described in  details in the thesis, divided between direct (genetic)  and indirect hints (sex/age ratio, changes in species geographical  distribution etc.).</span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;">The chart is  not meant to stay still, its advantage  lying in the possibility to integrate changes, as (re) analyses are  currently being undertaken. This page is primarily  conceived as a place  for interaction and discussion, and everyone is welcome to modify these  interpretations. Each author's intervention shall, of course, be duly  mentioned. Suggestions can be sent to cedric.bodet@mailcity.com</span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;">This space is not only concerned with the herding  process of production but is dedicated to the Neolithic socio-economy at  large. Providing a chart for the emergence of  plant domestication,  with a similar manipulation of the archaeobotanical data, is a definite  aim in the near future.</span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></p>
<span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Legend for the chart</strong> : </span>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><em>Chasse opportuniste,</em></strong><strong> or Opportunistic hunting</strong> :  starting line of the  evolution process, defined by the lack of human implication in the reproduction of wild animals.</span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><em>Phase Préliminaire</em></strong>, <strong>or Preliminary  phase</strong>:  herds are still living in the wild but a special care or manipulation  is  evident on the faunal structure  as seen on changes in species or  age/sex ratio. Selective hunting is an exemmple, nursing instinct (when  newly born animals are taken care of by humans) is another.</span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;"><strong><em>Proto-domestication</em></strong>: a faunal  assemblage for which the practice of herding (reproduction in   captivity) has been recognized from indirect evidence (demographic  trends, species proportions, parts of the animal retrieved,  archaeological evidence of  enclosures etc.), but has not yet entailed  visible repercussions on the animal’s  genome (visible on the  morphology).</span></p>
<p align="justify"><span style="color: #888888;">‘<strong><em>Domestication achevée</em></strong>’ <strong>or ‘complete domestication</strong>’: a faunal assemblage  displays full morphological/genetic change. ‘<em>Domestication quasie-achevée</em>’,  or ‘almost complete’, applies when physical  modification can be  attributed to domestication, though not quite to their full extent.</span></p>
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