<h1><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Economic and Social Platform for the Neolithic of South-West Asia</span></strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"> <strong>P</strong>lateforme <strong>E</strong>conomique et sociale du <strong>NEO</strong>lithique d’Asie antérieure. <span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/cv%20cedric%20bodet%20english.pdf">CEDRIC BODET </a></span></span></span><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/cv%20cedric%20bodet%20franais.pdf">cedric.bodet@mailcity.com</a> <strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Last reviewed on the<strong> 3-06-2001 </strong></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A socio-archaeology of the first farmers</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">A  bird’s-eye view of human history informs us that all social structures  evolve along a rather uniform sequence (1). Agricultural Domestic  Communities (following Meillassoux’s terminology) have necessarily  evolved from the ‘Primitive communist’ stage (following Testart’s), and  the Neolithisation process stands in between. Characterized by their  transitional aspect, Neolithic structures are not easily defined.  Studying them consists in defining, for each step, what is left of the  pre-existing phase and what has evolved towards the next one. To pursue  this aim, it is important to leave aside cultural traits (that do not  correspond to any sociological determinism), and to concentrate on the  society’s invisible but underlying human structure (Forest 2006). </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">The  latter can best be grasped from the perspective of the relations of  production, since it is the economic infrastructure that ultimately  shapes the superstructures of the society such as the ideology, the  kinship patterns, rules, religion etc. The fact that neolithisation is  primarily an economic process, characterized by the advent of  agriculture and herding, explains why this research is primarily based  on economic grounds, before approaching other domains of the social  life. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">In  the followed methodology, the estimation of an ancient society’s level  of production is a preliminary must. This relies primarily on the  analyses of archaeobotanists and archaeozoologists. The level of  production of neolithic societies can also be apprehended in more  indirect ways, like the pace of genetic modification of the farmed  resources. Once the economic level is roughly determined, the next step  consists in finding the best analogies among societies analyzed by  ethnology. Indeed, the latter field alone can give a clue as to the  functioning of past societies, in particular those deprived of writing.  It is, in turn, the culture material and the stratigraphic position of  the societies unearthed by archaeology that permits healthy connections  with the ethnographic repertoire, so as to replace them in a coherent  evolutionary sequence. Finally, it is only when several archaeological  regions are compared that the identification of the production level  unveils its full potential. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">The  essence of this research lies in interdisciplinarity, but only so long  as the investigated domains allow to grasp the social structure, since  the latter only makes sense as a coherent system, through the tight  interconnection of all its parts. This explains why, for example, the  relations of production are crucial to grasp the ideology of a society.  Only then can the sequence of social structures be understood in an  evolutionary perspective. This </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">is the approach referred to as</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US"><strong>socio-archaeology</strong>.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">The  framework of the research is the following: the time-frame investigated  here spans between ca. 10 000 and 6000 cal. BC. The chronological  terminology is based on the Euphratean sequence</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/chronology%20peneo.pdf"><span lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-size: 10pt;">(chart)</span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">,  where the neolithisation process can be tracked down to its roots and  its evolution followed all the way to the dawn of the Urban revolution;  it is even used, when necessary, as a supra-regional chronological  reference. All BP dates are calibrated with the CalPal program: </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">www.calpal-online.de</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">. For the geographic frame </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/carte-cedric.jpg"><span lang="EN-US">(map</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">, we are concerned with South-West Asia, or more accurately <em>l’Asie Antérieure (Perrot 2001)</em>, which is here divided into 7 main </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geography%20peneo.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">regions</span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">: East Taurus, Central Anatolia, North Levant, South Levant, Eastern Jezirah and the Zagros. The animal economic refe</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">rence, analyzed</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US"> in the thesis</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">is</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">condensed </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">in the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/tableau-discussions.jpg">chart</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="EN-US"> below</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;" lang="EN-US">. The chart for the plant economy is still under construction. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="EN-US"> (1) To answer the question “did humans make the only kind of history  they could?”, Cook (2005: 38-42) compares the evolution of Old and New  World societies from the perspective of what we call  here structures,  and concludes : “yes, there was only one kind of history waiting to  emerge from the coincidence of behaviorally modern humans and the  Holocene”.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>Le  programme Peneo est destiné à décrypter la structure sociale des  communautés impliquées dans la révolution néolithique. Cette séquence de  l’histoire humaine est caractérisée par l’avènement de la  sédentarisation puis de l’agriculture et enfin de l’élevage. Dans ce  but, il est fait usage d’analyses ethnologiques correspondantes. Sans  être vraiment de l’ethnoarchéologie, qui vise souvent à des analogies  techniques, le domaine investigué ici peut être mieux défini comme de la  <strong>socio-archéologie</strong>.  L’ensemble des articles, tableaux économiques et cartes d’interaction  suprarégionales sont dans la continuation de la thèse ci-dessous. Ces  travaux ne sont ni aléatoires ni indépendants les uns des autres, dans  la mesure où ils visent tous, dans le long terme, à intégrer un système  socio-économique cohérent le plus complet possible.</em></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></p>
<span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Bibliography</span></span>
<div><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span> </span></div>
<div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">Cook M.,</span></div>
<span style="color: #000000;">2005                      <em>A Brief history of the Human Race</em>. London : Granta Books.<br /></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">Forest J.-D.,</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">2006                      Le processus de neolithisation proche oriental: pour une archéologie sans frontières. <em>Syria</em> 83 : 125-38</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">Meillassoux C.,</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">1991                      <em>Femmes, Greniers et  Capitaux </em>(2<sup>e</sup> ed.). Paris : L’harmattan.</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">Perrot J.,</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">2001                      Réflexions sur l'état des recherches concernant la Préhistoire récente du Proche et du Moyen Orient, <em>Paléorient </em>26/1: 5-28.<br /></span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">Testart A.,</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;">1985                      <em>Le Communisme Primitif.  Economie et Idéologie</em>. Paris: Maison des sciences de l’homme.</span></div>
<div><span style="color: #000000;"><br /></span></div>
<h2><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong>Publications</strong></span> </span></h2>
<h4><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>Articles - </strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Bodet C. 2011- <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/gobekli.pdf"> </a><strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/gobekli.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The megaliths of Göbekli Tepe as a mirror of kinship structures and a promoter of social rules</span></strong></a></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US"><a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></a></span>. </span></span><em>Peneo </em>3/1<em>: </em>1-15<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;" lang="EN-US">.<br /></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Bodet C. 2010b - <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/the-ideological-gap.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The ideological gap, or the diffusion of Neolithic farming from the Middle Euphrates to Central Anatolia.</span></strong></a> <em>Peneo 2/2: </em>1-24<em>.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Bodet C. 2010a- <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/farming-in-neolithic-cyprus.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Advent of farming in Neolithic Cyprus: a reflection of the mainland, a reflection on society</span></strong></a>. <em>Peneo 2/1</em>: 1-27.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Bodet C. 2009 - <strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/herding-in-sw-asia.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Emergences of animal husbandry in South West Asia : an insight of Neolithic social structures</span></a></strong>. <em>Peneo 1/1</em>: 1-30.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"> <em> </em></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Bodet C. 2002 - <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/obsidian%20orient-express.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Remarks on the end of the </span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ç</span></strong> <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">ayönü culture</span></strong></a><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">.</span></strong> <em>Orient-Express</em> 2002/2: 47-51.</span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><strong>Thesis - </strong></strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2008 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PhD </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">- L’apparition de l’élevage en Anatolie: un  reflet de la structure économique et sociale du  Néolithique d’Asie Antérieure. Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="../website/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/these-vol1.pdf" target="_self">Volume 1 (texte)</a></strong></span><strong> </strong>et <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="../website/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/these-vol2.pdf" target="_self">Volume 2 (illustrations).</a></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2001 MA - Le rôle des sociétés d'Anatolie du Sud-est dans la néolithisation du Proche-Orient. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. DEA (Master's thesis). </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/dea.pdf" target="_self">Volume 1 (texte).</a></strong></span></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><strong>Charts - </strong></strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">2008 - <strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/tableau-discussions.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The emergence of herding in the Near East</span></a>. </strong>From Bodet 2008.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;">The  analyses undertook for my doctoral thesis,  allowed to set up a  provisional chart of the emergence and the  intensification of animal  domestication during the Neolithic of South-West Asia. The type of human/animal relationship is  determined for every  subphase and every concerned (sub)region. This  determination follows a set of consideration,  described in  details in  the thesis, divided between direct (genetic)  and indirect hints  (sex/age ratio, changes in species geographical  distribution etc.).</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"> Legend for the chart : </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Chasse opportuniste,</em> Opportunistic hunting :  starting line of the  evolution process, defined by the lack of human implication in the reproduction of wild animals.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Phase Préliminaire</em>, Preliminary  phase:   herds are still living in the wild but a special care or manipulation   is  evident on the faunal structure  as seen on changes in species or   age/sex ratio. Selective hunting is an exemmple, nursing instinct (newly born animals cared for by humans) is another.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Proto-domestication</em>:  a faunal  assemblage for which the practice of herding (reproduction in    captivity) has been recognized from indirect evidence (demographic   trends, species proportions, parts of the animal retrieved,   archaeological evidence of  enclosures etc.), but has not yet entailed   visible repercussions on the animal’s  genome (visible on the   morphology).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;">‘<em>Domestication achevée</em>’, ‘complete domestication’: a faunal assemblage  displays full morphological/genetic change. ‘<em>Domestication quasi-achevée</em>’,   or ‘almost complete’, applies when physical  modification can be   attributed to domestication, though not quite to their full extent.</span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><strong><strong><strong>In preparation -</strong></strong></strong></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span> </span></strong></span><strong><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></strong><strong><span> </span></strong></strong></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">_ <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Chart and </span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Article </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">:</span></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US"> the emergence of plant cultivation in the Near East.</span></span></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Financial support - </strong></strong></strong></strong></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">_ 2009-2010: <strong>TÜBITAK-</strong>Ankara (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). At IFEA -Istanbul.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">_ 2003-2007: <strong>MAE</strong> - French Foreign Affairs Ministry. At IFAPO -Damascus.</span></span></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geography peneo.pdf">Maps </a></span>- </strong></strong></strong></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><strong><strong><strong><strong><br /></strong></strong></strong></strong></span></h4>
<span style="color: #000000;"><img src="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/carte-cedric.jpg" border="0" alt="carte-cedric" width="596" height="420" /> </span>
<h4><span style="color: #000000;"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Discussion - </strong></strong></strong></strong></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">The work has so far </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">mostly </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">been concerned with economic matters. At the structural level however, the type of social relations entertained by individuals within a society reflects on the entire ideology and organization of the group ; the area of symbolism is a very acute example. This is the reason why the articles to appear in Peneo are expected to encompass a wide range of subjects. This also explains why these articles should not only be viewed as separate works, but also as intertwining parts of a wider, but coherent, reconstruction: that of the human system as it allowed and was affected by the advent of agriculture.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Peneo is thus committed to post works, other than the author’s, relating to any of the subjects of interest here (archaeology, archaeozoology, archaeobotany, ethnology, archaeo-ethnology, paleo-economy…).</span> This space is also conceived as a place  for interaction and  discussion. Thoughts and suggestions can be sent to cedric.bodet@mailcity.com </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"> </span></p>
<span style="color: #000000;"><br /></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">A bird’s-eye view of human history informs us that the fundamental structure of all societies evolves along a rather uniform sequence (1). From the ‘primitive communist’ stage (following Testart’s terminology), it advances gradually towards the Agricultural Domestic Community one (following Meillassoux’s). The Neolithisation process, our main interest here, stands in between. Being a transition from the former to the latter form, Neolithic social structures are not easily defined. Studying it consists in defining, for each step, what is left of the pre-existing phase and what has evolved towards the following one. To pursue this aim, certain rules are to be observed. First of all, it is important to leave aside cultural traits (that do not respond to any sociological determinism), and, Forest (2006) makes it clear, to concentrate on the society’s invisible but underlying structure. The latter can best be grasped from the perspective of the economic infrastructure (relations of production, conditioned as they are by the mode of production), which invariably shapes the social superstructures (type of ideology, kinship patterns, rules, religion etc.). The fact that the neolithisation is primarily an economic process (with the advent of agriculture and herding) hints at the significance of this period in the evolution of human societies. This is also the reason why this research is primarily based on economic grounds, before approaching other social structures. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">The framework of our research is as such: the time periods investigated here generally span the sequence between ca. 10000 and 6000 BC. The chronology used is based on the Euphratean sequence, as it is the best known, the longest, and one where the neolithisation can be tracked down to its roots; it is even used, when necessary, as a supra-regional chronological reference. For the geographic frame, we are concerned with South-West Asia, or more accurately <em>l’Asie Antérieure (Perrot 2000)</em> which is divided into 7 main regions: East Taurus, Central Anatolia, North Levant, South Levant, Eastern Jezirah and the Zagros. The animal economic reference is displayed in the chart below, as extracted from the thesis. The chart for the plant economy is under construction. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">The extent of the task proposed here is immense as it can only reach its goals (the reconstruction of past society’s structures) by interconnecting several field of research. In the methodology adopted here, the estimation of an ancient society’s level of production is a preliminary must, and this relies primarily on the analyses of archaeobotanists and archaeozoologists. Once the economic level is roughly determined, the next step consists in finding the analogy in similar societies analyzed by ethnology. Indeed, the latter field alone gives a clue as to the functioning of each type of past societies, in particular those deprived of writing. It is, in return, the culture material found in excavation that allows us to make healthy connections with the ethnographic repertoire. We see that the essence of this research indeed lies in an interdisciplinary approach. By analyzing specific regions and by comparing them, the evolution of the economic interactions between humans and its ideological repercussions have begun to be unveiled, as shown in the articles above and in the thesis. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(1)<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">To answer the question “did humans make the only kind of history they could?”, Cook (2005: 38-42) compares the evolution of Old and New World societies from the perspective of what we can call structures, and concludes : “yes, there was only one kind of history waiting to emerge from the coincidence of behaviorally modern humans and the Holocene”.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Cook M., </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">2005                      <em>A Brief History of the Human Race</em>. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">London: Granta Books. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Forest J.-D., </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">2006                      Le processus de neolithisation proche oriental: pour une archéologie sans frontières. <em>Syria</em> 83 : 125-38</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Meillassoux C.,</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">1991                      <em>Femmes, Greniers et Capitaux </em>(2<sup>e</sup> ed.). Paris : L’harmattan.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Testart A.,</span></span></p>
<span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">1985                      <em>Le Communisme Primitif. Economie et Idéologie</em>. Paris: Maison des sciences de                                             l’homme.</span></span></div>