<h1></h1>
<h1><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>Economic and Social Platform of the <strong>Southwest Asian</strong> Neolithic <br /></strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>P</strong>lateforme <strong>E</strong>conomique et sociale du<strong> NEO</strong>lithique d’Asie antérieure</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/cv%20cedric%20bodet%20english.pdf">CEDRIC BODET </a></span><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/cv%20cedric%20bodet%20franais.pdf">cedric.bodet@mailcity.com</a> <strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Last reviewed on the<strong> </strong><span style="color: #993300;"><strong>28-09-2011</strong></span><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>An archaeo</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>-socio</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>logy of the first farmers</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">A  bird’s-eye view of human history informs us that social structures  evolve along a rather uniform sequence (1). All Agricultural Domestic  Communities (following Meillassoux’s terminology) evolved  from the </span><span style="color: #999999;">hunter-gatherer </span><span style="color: #999999;">‘Primitive communist’ </span><span style="color: #999999;">stage </span><span style="color: #999999;">(following Testart’s); </span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">whether  it emerged as a local innovation or as an outside influence (diffusion),</span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">the  Neolithisation process </span><span style="color: #999999;">necessarily stands in between</span><span style="color: #999999;">.  Characterized by this transitional aspect, Neolithic societies are not  easily defined. </span><span style="color: #999999;">To pursue this aim, it is compulsory to focus on the invisible but universal social structure, and, consequently, </span><span style="color: #999999;">to leave aside  cultural traits as these do not correspond to any sociological determinism </span><span style="color: #999999;">(Forest 2006)</span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">. From  a  historical-materialist point of view, </span><span style="color: #999999;">the superstructures composing every human society, like kinship patterns,   religion, ideology or laws, are ultimately determined by the economic   infrastructure </span><span style="color: #999999;">(Echaudemaison 2007: 259, 474)</span><span style="color: #999999;">, and most particularly by the mode and the relations of production - who makes what / who takes what</span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">. </span><span style="color: #999999;">Recalling that neolithisation is primarily an economic process, the </span><span style="color: #999999;">parameters</span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">conditioning the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry</span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">are naturally considered, </span><span style="color: #999999;">in the </span><span style="color: #999999;">Peneo project, </span><span style="color: #999999;">as</span><span style="color: #999999;"> a base for every other study</span><span style="color: #999999;">.</span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">The methodology is rather straightforward.</span><span style="color: #999999;"> The estimation of the investigated society’s  mode and level of production constitutes the first step of the investigation. Such estimations  rely primarily on the analyses of archaeobotanists and  archaeozoologists, but indirect methods like the pace of genetic  modification of the resources can also be of great help. The next step consists in  finding the closest analogies among ethnographic societies. Indeed, the  latter field alone can give a clue as to the internal relations entertained by individuals within prehistoric societies. Finally, </span><span style="color: #999999;">the </span><span style="color: #999999;">regional </span><span style="color: #999999;">comparison of the archaeological</span><span style="color: #999999;"> societies</span><span style="color: #999999;"> pertaining to </span><span style="color: #999999;">our chronological and geographical framework </span><span style="color: #999999;"> (see below) allows the reconstitution of a </span><span style="color: #999999;">coherent evolutionary  sequence. This general approach is here referred to as <strong>archaeo-</strong></span><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>socio</strong></span><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>logy. </strong></span><span style="color: #999999;">In the long run, it </span><span style="color: #999999;">aims</span><span style="color: #999999;"> at unveiling </span><span style="color: #999999;">the socio-economic evolution that fostered the Near Eastern Neolithic transition.</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" New="New" New="New" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">The investigated time-frame spans from  about 10 000 to 6000 cal. BC. The chronological terminology used in all articles is based on the Euphratean sequence<a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/chronology%20peneo.pdf"> <span style="color: #999999;">(</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">chart</span>)</a>,  where the neolithisation process can be tracked down to its roots and  its evolution followed all the way to the dawn of the Urban revolution; when several regions are compared, i</span><span style="color: #999999;">t is also used </span><span style="color: #999999;">as a supra-regional chronological  reference. All BP dates have been calibrated with the CalPal program: <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a href="http://www.calpal-online.de/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">www.calpal-online.de</span></a></span>. As for the geographical frame <a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/carte-cedric.jpg"><span style="color: #999999;">(</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">map</span></a>), we are concerned with South-West Asia, or more accurately <em>l’Asie Antérieure (Perrot 2001)</em>, here divided into 7 main <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geography%20peneo.pdf">regions</a></span> (see the map below) :  East Taurus, Central Anatolia, North Levant, South Levant, Eastern  Jezirah and the Zagros (themselves divided in territories when needed). The evolution of the animal economy, analyzed in the  thesis, is condensed in the <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/website_2/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/tableau-discussions.jpg">chart</a></span> below. The chart for the plant economy is under construction.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #999999;">(1)  To answer the question “did humans make the only kind of history they  could?”, Cook (2005: 38-42) compares the evolution of Old and New World  indigenous societies </span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #999999;">and concludes to a great similarity </span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="color: #999999;">from the perspective of what is called here social structures (mode of  subsistence, political organization, religion etc.) : “yes, there was only one kind of history waiting  to emerge from the coincidence of behaviorally modern humans and the  Holocene”. See also Testart (1992) for a critic of anti-evolutionist views.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Le  programme Peneo est destiné à décrypter la structure sociale des  communautés impliquées dans la révolution néolithique, caractérisée par l’avènement de la  sédentarisation puis de l’agriculture et enfin de l’élevage. Dans ce  but, il est fait appel à des analyses ethnologiques correspondantes. Sans  être vraiment de l’ethnoarchéologie, qui vise souvent à des analogies  techniques, le domaine investigué ici est mieux défini comme étant de l'<strong>archéo</strong>-</em><strong><em>sociologie</em></strong><em>.  L’ensemble des articles, tableaux économiques et cartes d’interaction  suprarégionales sont dans la continuation de la thèse postée ci-dessous. Ces  travaux sont tous liés dans la mesure où ils visent ,  dans le long terme, à intégrer une reconstitution socio-économique cohérente la  plus complète possible.</em></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Bibliography</span> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>Cook </strong>M., 2005                            <em>A Brief history of the Human Race</em>. London : Granta Books.<br /> <strong>Forest </strong>J.-D., 2006                      Le processus de neolithisation proche oriental: pour une archéologie sans frontières. <em>Syria</em> 83 : 125-38.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #888888;"><strong>Echaudemaison C.-D.</strong>, 2009  <em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Dictionnaire d’économie et de sciences sociales</em>, Paris : Nathan. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>Meillassoux </strong>C., 1991               <em>Femmes, Greniers et  Capitaux </em>(2<sup>e</sup> ed.). Paris : L’harmattan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"> <strong>Perrot </strong>J., 2001                          Réflexions sur l'état des recherches concernant la Préhistoire récente du Proche et du Moyen Orient, <em>Paléorient </em>26/1: 5-28<br /> <strong>Testart </strong>A., 1985                         <em>Le Communisme Primitif.  Economie et Idéologie</em>. Paris: Maison des sciences de l’homme.</span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>Testart </strong>A., </span><span style="color: #999999;">1992                         La question de l’évolutionnisme dans l’anthropologie sociale. <em>Revue française de sociologie</em> XXXIII : 155-87</span><span style="color: #999999;">.</span></div>
<span style="color: #999999;"><br /></span>
<h2><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>Publications</strong></span></h2>
<h4><span style="color: #999999;"><strong>Articles - </strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Bodet C. 2011-  <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/gobekli.pdf"> </a><strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/gobekli.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The megaliths of Göbekli Tepe as a mirror of neolithic kinship structures and a promoter of social rules</span></strong></a></strong> . <em>Peneo </em>3/1<em>: </em>1-15.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Bodet C. 2010b - <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/the-ideological-gap.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The ideological gap, or the diffusion of Neolithic farming from the Middle Euphrates to Central Anatolia.</span></strong></a> <em>Peneo 2/2: </em>1-24<em>.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Bodet C. 2010a- <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/farming-in-neolithic-cyprus.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Advent of farming in Neolithic Cyprus: a reflection of the mainland, a reflection on society</span></strong></a>. <em>Peneo 2/1</em>: 1-27.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Bodet C. 2009 - <strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/herding-in-sw-asia.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Emergences of animal husbandry in South West Asia : an insight of Neolithic social structures</span></a></strong>. <em>Peneo 1/1</em>: 1-30.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"><em> </em></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Bodet C. 2002 - <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/obsidian%20orient-express.pdf"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Remarks on the end of the </span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ç</span></strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">ayönü culture</span></strong></a><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">.</span></strong> <em>Orient-Express</em> 2002/2: 47-51.</span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><strong>Thesis - </strong></strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">2008 PhD - L’apparition  de l’élevage en Anatolie: un  reflet de la structure économique et  sociale du  Néolithique d’Asie Antérieure. Université de Paris 1  Panthéon-Sorbonne. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="../website/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/these-vol1.pdf" target="_self">Volume 1 (texte)</a></strong></span><strong> </strong>et <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="../website/images/stories/archeologie/peneo/these-vol2.pdf" target="_self">Volume 2 (illustrations).</a></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">2001 MA - Le rôle des sociétés d'Anatolie du Sud-est dans la néolithisation du Proche-Orient. Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. DEA (Master's thesis). <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/dea.pdf" target="_self">Volume 1 (texte).</a></strong></span></span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><strong>Charts - </strong></strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">The   analyses undertook for my doctorate thesis  allowed the</span><span style="color: #999999;"> identification of a </span><span style="color: #999999;">type of human/animal relationship </span><span style="color: #999999;">for every  subphase and every   (sub)region</span><span style="color: #999999;">s</span><span style="color: #999999;"> concerned with the Neolithisation of South-West Asia. </span><span style="color: #999999;">The determination of this faunal economy proceeds from a set of considerations which can be divided between direct (genetic) </span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">evidences </span><span style="color: #999999;">and indirect </span><span style="color: #999999;">-or human- on</span><span style="color: #999999;">es (changes in the herd sex/age ratio, in the species geographical    distribution, in the representation of skeletal parts etc.)</span><span style="color: #999999;">. </span><span style="color: #999999;">Condensed  under a general terminology presented below, these different economic forms and levels  have then been complied to build this   provisional chart of the emergence of the </span><span style="color: #999999;">process </span><span style="color: #999999;"> of animal husbandry </span><span style="color: #999999;">(taken from Bodet 2008) </span><span style="color: #999999;">: <strong><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/tableau-discussions.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The emergence of herding in the Near East</span></a></strong>.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">.</span><span style="color: #999999;">Legend for the chart :</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Chasse opportuniste,</em> Opportunistic hunting :  starting line of the  evolution process,  defined by the lack of human implication in the reproduction of wild  animals.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Phase Préliminaire</em>,  Preliminary  phase:   herds are still living in the wild but a human indirect impact on the animal reproductive cycle is suspected from the herd structure. Selective hunting or  nursing instinct (newly born animals cared for by humans) </span><span style="color: #999999;">are example</span><span style="color: #999999;">s.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Proto-domestication</em>:   a faunal  assemblage for which the practice of herding (reproduction  in    captivity) has been recognized from indirect evidence (clear demographic    trends, archaeological evidence of  enclosures etc.), but has not yet entailed    visible repercussions on the animal’s genetic structure (visible on the    morphology).</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #999999;">‘<em>Domestication achevée</em>’, ‘complete domestication’: a faunal assemblage  displays full morphological/genetic change. ‘<em>Domestication quasie-achevée</em>’,    or ‘almost complete’, applies when physical  modifications can be    attributed to domestication, though they have not yet reached their full extent.</span></p>
<h4><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><strong><strong><strong>In preparation -</strong></strong></strong></strong><strong> </strong><strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong></strong></span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">_ Chart and Article : the emergence of plant cultivation in the Near East.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><strong><strong><strong> </strong></strong></strong></strong></span></p>
<h3><span style="color: #999999;"><em><strong><strong><strong><strong><em><strong><strong><strong><strong><em><strong><strong><strong><strong><em><strong><strong><strong><strong>Maps</strong></strong></strong></strong></em></strong></strong></strong></strong></em></strong></strong></strong></strong></em></strong></strong></strong></strong></em></span></h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="regions" src="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/regions.jpg" height="420" width="614" /></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;"> More detailed geographical maps for <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geoeasterntaurus.jpg"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">the Eastern Taurus</span></span></a>, <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geolevant.jpg"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">the Levant</span></span></a>, <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geocentralanatolia.jpg"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Central Anatolia</span></span></a>,<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"> </span></span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"> </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"> </span></span></span><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geoeasternfertilecrescent.jpg"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">the Eastern Fertile Crescent</span></span></span></a><span style="color: #999999;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geoeasternfertilecrescent.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> </span></span></a> (Djezireh & Zagros), and <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/geocyprus.jpg"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cyprus</span></span></a>,</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">as well as a chronological map of the </span><span style="color: #999999;">site </span><span style="color: #999999;">distribution for every sub-period,</span> <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/ppna.pdf"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PPNA</span></span></a>, <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/mapmppnb.pdf"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">E PPNB, M PPNB</span></span></a>, <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/maplppnb.pdf"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">L PPNB</span></span></a>, <span style="color: #999999;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/mapeppnb.pdf"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">F PPNB / PN</span></span></a></span><span style="color: #999999;"><a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/mapeppnb.pdf"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> </span></a>, are aimed at providing </span><span style="color: #999999;"></span><span style="color: #999999;">a basic technical support </span><span style="color: #999999;">especially to </span><span style="color: #999999;">students and other researchers.</span></p>
<h3><span style="color: #999999;"><em><strong><strong><strong><strong><em><strong><strong><strong><strong>The Peneo library</strong></strong></strong></strong></em></strong></strong></strong></strong></em></span></h3>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Over  the years I have constituted a small library (books & articles : about 500 entries) on the domains related to the Peneo project: SW  Asian Neolithic, archaeozoology, archaeobotany, domestication,  ethnology, anthropology, genetics, etc.</span> <span style="color: #999999;">I  wish to make it available to anyone interested, my thoughts going in  particular to those students who do not have the opportunity to visit  easily the necessary libraries. My  office is in Kadıköy, Istanbul. Specific sources may too be transferred  to IFEA or elsewhere in town if needed. Some sources are already under  PDF format, but others of reasonable size may also be scanned and shared  via e-mail upon request. You can find here the list of available references and my personal contacts here : <a href="images/stories/archeologie/peneo/peneo-library.pdf"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Peneo library</span></a>.</span></p>
<h2><span style="color: #999999;"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Discussion - </strong></strong></strong></strong></span></h2>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;">The  work has so far mostly been  concerned with economic matters. At the  structural level however, the  type of social relations entertained by  individuals within a society  reflects on the entire ideology and  organization of the group ; the area  of symbolism is a very clear example. This is the reason why the  articles to appear in Peneo are  expected to encompass a wide range of  subjects. This also explains why  these articles should not only be  viewed as separate works, but as  intertwining parts of a wider, but  coherent, reconstruction: that of  the human system as it allowed and  was affected by the advent of  agriculture.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #999999;">Peneo   is thus committed to post works, other than the author’s, relating to   any of the subjects of interest here (archaeology, archaeozoology,   archaeobotany, ethnology, archaeo-ethnology, paleo-economy…).  This  space is also conceived as a place  for interaction and   discussion.  Thoughts and suggestions can be sent to  cedric.bodet@mailcity.com.</span></p>
<h3><span style="color: #999999;"><em><strong><strong><strong><strong>Financial support - </strong></strong></strong></strong></em></span></h3>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">_ 2009-2010: <strong>TÜBITAK-</strong>Ankara (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). At IFEA -Istanbul.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">_ 2003-2007: <strong>MAE</strong> - French Foreign Affairs Ministry. At IFAPO -Damascus.</span></p>
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<p class="normalbiblio"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language: FR">Echaudemaison C.-D. </span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">(sous la direction de),</span></p>
<p class="normalbiblio"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language: FR;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">2009<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><em style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Dictionnaire d’économie et de sciences sociales</em>, Paris : Nathan. </span></p>
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